Difference between revisions of "Brooches - Viking Paired Styles"

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{{Stars2|Category = Fastenings|Typology = Oval Brooches|TypologyFile = Brooches - Oval.png}}
 
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{{Brooches}}
 
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==Oval brooches [V/F]==
 
==Oval brooches [V/F]==
[[File:Brooches - Oval.png|360x360px|frame|right|Oval Brooches]]
+
 
''Usually worn in pairs, their purpose is to hold up the Hangerock.''<br>
+
''Usually worn in pairs. The most common theory for their use was to hold up the Hangerock, a distinctive Scandinavian woman's style of dress.''<br>
 +
<br>
 +
Viking Age Oval brooches are larger than their Vendel precursors with typical sizes shown in the following table by Martin Rundkvist. [RUNDKVIST 2010:p.155]<br>
 +
Berdal. L 57–113mm <br>
 +
P25. L 96–103mm <br>
 +
P27. L 98–113mm <br>
 +
P37. L 96–110mm <br>
 +
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
{{evidence
 
{{evidence
Line 11: Line 17:
 
*"Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband. Each box has a ring from which depends a knife". Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus.
 
*"Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband. Each box has a ring from which depends a knife". Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus.
 
|Archaeology =
 
|Archaeology =
An estimated 4000 are known from all over the Viking world (OWEN and DALLAND 1999, p.68).<br>
+
An estimated 4000 are known from all over the Viking world [OWEN & DALLAND 1999: p.68].<br>
 
|Discussion =
 
|Discussion =
Disappear in Denmark during the C10th (ROESDAHL 1982)<br>
+
Disappear in Denmark during the C10th [ROESDAHL 1982]<br>
 
}}
 
}}
 +
 +
===Berdal P11-P24===
 +
These are a transitional style between the Vendel and Viking styles.<br>
 +
780AD - 850AD [RUNDKVIST 2010:p.165] <br>
 +
[PETERSEN 1928:p.12-22]<br>
 +
<br>
  
 
===P25/26 ===
 
===P25/26 ===
 +
Petersen considered the P25 brooch to be the earliest type of Viking period oval brooch. [PETERSEN 1928:p.24]
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R650.jpg
+
File:R650.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 24: Line 37:
 
===P27/28 ===
 
===P27/28 ===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R648.jpg
+
File:R648.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 32: Line 45:
 
Includes Petersen types P35, P36, P38, P39 <br>
 
Includes Petersen types P35, P36, P38, P39 <br>
 
'''Archaeology'''<br>
 
'''Archaeology'''<br>
*All Viking Area’s: 500 copies (Paulsen 1933)
+
*All Viking Area’s: 500 copies Graham-Campbell quoting 'Paulsen 1933'[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:p.27]
*Norway: 235 copies from 217 finds (PETERSEN 1928)??
+
*Norway: 235 copies from 217 finds [PETERSEN 1928]??
 
'''Discussion'''<br>
 
'''Discussion'''<br>
P37 is the most common type found at Birka. (OWEN and DALLAND 1999, p.68). Accounts for 3 out of every 5 brooches from Norway and half of those found from the east. (EWING 2007, p.60)<br>
+
P37 is the most common type found at Birka. (OWEN & DALLAND 1999, p.68). Accounts for 3 out of every 5 brooches from Norway and half of those found from the east. [EWING 2007: p.60]<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
Images: V2C 101a, 101b, 101c, 101d<br>
 
Images: V2C 101a, 101b, 101c, 101d<br>
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R647.jpg
+
Hedeby_Brooch_Oval.JPG|Hedeby
File:R649.jpg
+
File:R647.jpg|Norway
 +
File:R649.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 46: Line 60:
 
===P42/43/44 ===
 
===P42/43/44 ===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R657.jpg
+
File:R657.jpg|Norway
 +
Norwich-Oval_Brooches,_Santon_Downham_(Replica).JPG|England, Santon Downham
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 52: Line 67:
 
===P45 ===
 
===P45 ===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R653.jpg
+
File:R653.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 58: Line 73:
 
===P48/49 ===
 
===P48/49 ===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R651.jpg
+
File:R651.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
  
 
===P51 - Late Oseberg Style - Double Shelled  [V/F]===
 
===P51 - Late Oseberg Style - Double Shelled  [V/F]===
Date: Early C10th
+
Date: Early C10th<br>
{{evidence
+
'''Archaeology'''<br>
|Archaeology =
+
 
*All Viking Area’s: 1000 copies
 
*All Viking Area’s: 1000 copies
 
*Norway: 469 copies from 310 finds
 
*Norway: 469 copies from 310 finds
|Discussion =
+
'''Discussion'''<br>
 
Most common form of brooch.
 
Most common form of brooch.
}}
 
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
Images: VAC 118<br>
 
Images: VAC 118<br>
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R652.jpg
+
File:R652.jpg|Norway
File:R654.jpg
+
File:R654.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 82: Line 95:
 
Date: C10th. An eastern style that is rarely found in the west. <br>
 
Date: C10th. An eastern style that is rarely found in the west. <br>
 
P52 are open work with a double shell. P55 are cheaper copies cast in one piece.<br>
 
P52 are open work with a double shell. P55 are cheaper copies cast in one piece.<br>
{{evidence
+
'''Archaeology'''<br>
|Discussion =
+
--
Very common in the east, 25% of finds. Not usually found in the west. (EWING 2007, p.60)
+
'''Discussion'''<br>
}}
+
Very common in the east, 25% of finds. Not usually found in the west. [EWING 2007: p.60]
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
Images
 
Images
Line 91: Line 104:
 
:P55 Solid -  
 
:P55 Solid -  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:R655.jpg
+
File:R655.jpg|Norway
File:R656.jpg
+
File:R656.jpg|Norway
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 98: Line 111:
 
===P57 - Jellinge Style  [V/F]===
 
===P57 - Jellinge Style  [V/F]===
  
==Equal armed brooches [V/F]==
 
 
Not found after the C9th in Denmark (ROESDAHL 1982, p.129)
 
 
===Troms Type===
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
* Scar, Scotland (OWEN and DALLAND 1999, p.68) – Northern Norway?
 
|Discussion =
 
4 have been found with oval brooch type P37 (OWEN and DALLAND 1999, p.68).
 
}}
 
  
 
==Gotland brooches [V/F]==
 
==Gotland brooches [V/F]==
Line 114: Line 116:
 
===Animal-head===
 
===Animal-head===
 
Gotland only.  
 
Gotland only.  
Sometimes found in 3’s (EWING 2007, p.60)
+
Sometimes found in 3’s [EWING 2007: p.60]
(ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992, p.192, 300 cat.274)
+
[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992: p.192, 300 cat.274]
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
M532.jpg
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M532.jpg|Sweden
M533.jpg
+
M533.jpg|Sweden
M534.jpg
+
M534.jpg|Sweden
M535.jpg
+
M535.jpg|Sweden
M536.jpg
+
M536.jpg|Sweden
M537.jpg
+
M537.jpg|Sweden
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
===Drum Shaped===
 
===Drum Shaped===
(ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992, p.254 cat.104)
+
[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:p.254 cat.104]
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
M531.jpg
+
M531.jpg|Sweden
M538.jpg
+
M538.jpg|Sweden
M539.jpg
+
M539.jpg|Sweden
M542.jpg
+
M542.jpg|Sweden
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
==Trefoil brooches [V/F]==
+
==References==
Date:Pre 930AD, Roesdhal?<br>
+
{{Ref|Ewing 2007}}
{{evidence
+
{{Ref|Graham-Campbell 1980}}
|Archaeology
+
{{Ref|Owen & Dalland 1999}}
|Discussion =
+
{{Ref|Petersen 1928}}
Usually decorated in leaf decoration, they are based on the trefoil harness mounts from Germany. The design became so popular that they were locally produced throughout Scandinavia. They were produced in gold, silver and  copper alloy.  (MARGESEN 1997, p.16-18)<br>
+
{{Ref|Roesdahl 1982}}
Could be worn either pointing upwards or downwards (EWING 2007, p.62)<br>
+
{{Ref|Roesdahl & Wilson 1992}}
Trefoil brooches seem to have taken over from Oval brooches in the Viking colonies in England.  (MARGESEN 1997, p.16)
+
{{Ref|Rundkvist 2010}}
}}
+
<gallery>
+
File:R670.jpg
+
File:R671.jpg
+
File:R672.jpg
+
File:R674.jpg
+
File:M552.jpg
+
</gallery>
+
  
==Small lozenge-shaped brooch [V]==
+
<HarvardReferences />
  
(MARGESEN 1997, p.20 Fig.21)
 
 
==Small convex round brooches [V/F]==
 
[[File:Brooch back Viking.jpg|120x120px|right]]
 
900-954AD dated by coins in Birka<br>
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
* Norfolk, England, 7 finds (MARGESEN 1997, p.21)
 
* Birka, Sweden, 56 finds (ARWIDSSON 1984, p.58-74)
 
|Discussion =
 
Is widespread in the Viking homelands with an especially large concentration in Birka. (MARGESEN 1997, p.21)<br>
 
Between 2.4 to 3.4cm (1” - 1½”) become common in Birka in the C10th. About half of them are positioned above the level of the twin oval brooches. Probably fastened the neck of the linen under shift. (EWING 2007, p.61)<br>
 
At Birka - between 2.4 to 3.4cm (1” - 1½”), 900-954AD. <br>
 
Scandinavian brooches have an extra lug on the reverse that in some cases were found with an iron ring through it. The ring could of been used to suspend the brooch as a pendant or alternately to suspend other objects. <br>
 
Scandinavian fastening style with a pair of lugs to hold the needle, Needles are usually made of iron but a few copper-alloy examples were found 6 from children graves, 3 in double graves (male & female), 38 with oval brooches, 2 with equal armed brooches, 5 with a trefoil brooch, 22 with a large round brooch, 1 with a silver pennanular. (ARWIDSSON 1984, p.58-74) <br>
 
Only women’s graves? <br>
 
}}
 
 
===Birka Type I-IV Cast gilt copper-alloy===
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
* Birka 47 finds – 46 are copper-alloy, 1 is silver, the gold plated.
 
*Type I - Jelling,
 
**13 finds, ? from Sweden (3 from Birka), ? from Denmark, 1 from Russia, 1 from England (Chester), 1 from Dublin
 
*Type II - Borre beasts and knotwork.
 
**57 finds, 41 from Sweden, 3 from Norway, 7 from Russia, 1 from Finland, 5 from Denmark
 
*Type III - Borre knotwork,
 
**8 finds, 6 from Sweden, 2 from Denmark. Type IIIe is possibly based on the English swastika style knot work.
 
*Type IV - filigree.
 
**20 finds, 17 from Sweden, 1 from Norway, 1 from Finland, 1 from Russia.
 
 
===Birka Type V Silver sheet - filigree===
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
* Birka 9 finds.
 
* over 50 examples from Denmark, Sweden and Gotland.
 
|Discussion=
 
Filigree brooches are made thus: the front plate was cut to shape and relief decoration imprinted by a bronze die. Sometimes a plain back-plate was affixed. Finally filigree and granules were soldered to the front plate raised features. (ROESDAHL 1982, p.105)<br>
 
‘Patrices’ were used to achieve the basic convex shape. Made of bronze with raised relief. The silver sheet was placed on a yielding base and the Patrice hammered into it. (ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992, p.254 cat.105,106)<br>
 
 
===Birka Type VI Silver sheet – punched and stamped===
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
*11 finds, 3 from Gotland, 7 from Sweden, 1 from Russia. Type VI are similar and may have been based on English prototypes with their 5 raised rivets.
 
 
==Large convex round brooches  [V/F]==
 
Dated from 900 to 954 on coins from Birka<br>
 
Birka 5cm (2”) - open work 7cm (2 ¾”) - below or between the oval brooches. (EWING 2007, p.61)<br>
 
<br>
 
Clasps are different from English brooches. The pin is held by two lugs and an additional third lug is often present, sometimes with an attached wire ring.<br>
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
*Birka
 
**32 from Birka,  4.5 - 7.3cm, Found in position that suggests that they were used to close either the cloak or coats of women. All cast from copper alloy except for only one brooch was made from thin silver sheet and was smaller, 4.1cm. It was found on the chest and was probably still used to close a cloak or coat. Similar to small round brooches, needle arrangement and mostly gold plated. Some have an additional back plate. Also had the additional lug with occasional wire hoops attached. Centered around Sweden, typically Swedish. 2 in childrens graves, 5 in double graves, 26 found with oval brooches, 23 with small round brooches. [ARWIDSSON 1984: p.75-84]
 
}}
 
 
===Birka Type I-IV Cast gilt copper-alloy===
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
*Type I - Jelling,
 
**13 finds, 4 from Sweden, 3 from Gotland, 4 from Norway, 1 from Denmark, 1 from Russia
 
*Type II – Borre beasts and knotwork ,
 
**99 finds, 68 from Sweden, 16 from Russia, 13 from Norway, 1 from Iceland, 1 from Finland
 
*Type III- Borre knotwork,
 
**8 finds, 7 from Sweden 1 from Denmark
 
}}
 
 
===Birka Type V Silver & gold sheet===
 
{{evidence
 
|Archaeology =
 
*Type V- Filigree,
 
**1 find of silver, Nonnebakken, Denmark (ROESDAHL 1982, p.190)
 
**2 finds of gold , Hornelund, Denmark c.1000AD (ROESDAHL 1982, p.105) (ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992, p.254 cat.107)
 
*Type VI - Punched and stamped,
 
**1 find of silver, Birka, Sweden (ARWIDSSON 1984) smaller than normal at 4.1cm.
 
}}
 
<gallery>
 
File:Hornelund Brooch.jpg|Hornelund Brooch
 
</gallery>
 
 
[[Category:Fastenings]]
 
[[Category:Fastenings]]

Latest revision as of 19:11, 26 September 2019

Brooches - Oval.png

Oval Brooches
More Fastenings pages

Completion Rating
This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.
Completion Rating
This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.
Viking Age Compendium articles on Brooches:
VA Brooch Paired.JPG
Viking Paired Styles
Viking Age Compendium articles on Brooches:
VA Brooch Paired.JPG
Viking Paired Styles

Oval brooches [V/F]

Usually worn in pairs. The most common theory for their use was to hold up the Hangerock, a distinctive Scandinavian woman's style of dress.

Viking Age Oval brooches are larger than their Vendel precursors with typical sizes shown in the following table by Martin Rundkvist. [RUNDKVIST 2010]:p.155
Berdal. L 57–113mm
P25. L 96–103mm
P27. L 98–113mm
P37. L 96–110mm


Art
--
Literature

  • "Each woman wears on either breast a box of iron, silver, copper or gold; the value of the box indicates the wealth of the husband. Each box has a ring from which depends a knife". Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus.

Archaeology
An estimated 4000 are known from all over the Viking world [OWEN & DALLAND 1999]:p.68.
Discussion
Disappear in Denmark during the C10th [ROESDAHL 1982]

Berdal P11-P24

These are a transitional style between the Vendel and Viking styles.
780AD - 850AD [RUNDKVIST 2010]:p.165
[PETERSEN 1928]:p.12-22

P25/26

Petersen considered the P25 brooch to be the earliest type of Viking period oval brooch. [PETERSEN 1928]:p.24


P27/28


P37 - Gripping Beast Style [V/F]

Date: C9th
Includes Petersen types P35, P36, P38, P39
Archaeology

Discussion
P37 is the most common type found at Birka. (OWEN & DALLAND 1999, p.68). Accounts for 3 out of every 5 brooches from Norway and half of those found from the east. [EWING 2007]:p.60

Images: V2C 101a, 101b, 101c, 101d


P42/43/44


P45


P48/49


P51 - Late Oseberg Style - Double Shelled [V/F]

Date: Early C10th
Archaeology

  • All Viking Area’s: 1000 copies
  • Norway: 469 copies from 310 finds

Discussion
Most common form of brooch.
Images: VAC 118


P52/55 - Baroque Style [V/F]

Date: C10th. An eastern style that is rarely found in the west.
P52 are open work with a double shell. P55 are cheaper copies cast in one piece.
Archaeology
-- Discussion
Very common in the east, 25% of finds. Not usually found in the west. [EWING 2007]:p.60
Images

P52 Open – VAC 119, VAC 120, VAC 121
P55 Solid -


P57 - Jellinge Style [V/F]

Gotland brooches [V/F]

Animal-head

Gotland only. Sometimes found in 3’s [EWING 2007]:p.60 [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:p.192, 300 cat.274

Drum Shaped

[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:p.254 cat.104

References

Ewing, Thor (2007) Viking Clothing. Tempus. [EWING 2007] ^ 1 2 3 *
Graham-Campbell, James (ed.) (1980) Viking Artefacts, A Select Catalogue. British Museum Publications [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980] ^ *
Owen, Olwyn, and Dalland, Magnar (1999) SCAR, A Viking Boat Burial on Sanday, Orkney. Tuckwell Press. [OWEN & DALLAND 1999] ^ *
Petersen, Jan (1928) Vikingetidens Smykker. [Viking Jewellery]. [PETERSEN 1928] ^ 1 2 3 *
Roesdahl, Else (1982) Viking Age Denmark. British Museum. [ROESDAHL 1982] ^ *
Roesdahl, Else, and Wilson, David M. (eds.) (1992) From Viking to Crusader, The Scandinavians and Europe 800-1200. Nordic Council of Ministers. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] ^ 1 2 *
[RUNDKVIST 2010] ^ 1 2 *