Brooches - Viking Single Styles

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Brooches - Oval.png

Oval Brooches
More Fastenings pages

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Completion Rating
This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.
Viking Age Compendium articles on Brooches:
VA Brooch Viking.JPG
Viking Single Styles
Viking Age Compendium articles on Brooches:
VA Brooch Viking.JPG
Viking Single Styles

Equal armed brooches [V/F]

After Petersen [PETERSEN 1928]
Not found after the C9th in Denmark [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:p.129

P58, P59, P60, P61

P58 most common form [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:p.302 cat.283


P64-P65/R659 Troms Type

Date: 9th century
Archaeology

Discussion
4 have been found with oval brooch type P37 [OWEN & DALLAND 1999]:p.68.


P66/R660


P67-P70 Borre Style

[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980]:cat.130

P71, P72, P73, P74

P75, P77, P78

P76/R661


P79, P80, P81, P82, P83

P80/R662


Trefoil brooches [V/F]

Date:Pre 930AD, Roesdhal?

Archaeology
Discussion
Usually decorated in leaf decoration, they are based on the trefoil harness mounts from Germany. The design became so popular that they were locally produced throughout Scandinavia. They were produced in gold, silver and copper alloy. [MARGESON 1997]:p.16-18
Could be worn either pointing upwards or downwards [EWING 2007]:p.62
Trefoil brooches seem to have taken over from Oval brooches in the Viking colonies in England. [MARGESON 1997]:p.16

Small lozenge-shaped brooch [V]

(MARGESON 1997, p.20 Fig.21)

Small convex round brooches

Brooch back Viking.jpg

900-954AD dated by coins in Birka
Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

Discussion
Is widespread in the Viking homelands with an especially large concentration in Birka. [MARGESON 1997]:p.21
Between 2.4 to 3.4cm (1” - 1½”) become common in Birka in the C10th. About half of them are positioned above the level of the twin oval brooches. Probably fastened the neck of the linen under shift. [EWING 2007]:p.61
At Birka - between 2.4 to 3.4cm (1” - 1½”), 900-954AD.
Scandinavian brooches have an extra lug on the reverse that in some cases were found with an iron ring through it. The ring could of been used to suspend the brooch as a pendant or alternately to suspend other objects.
Scandinavian fastening style with a pair of lugs to hold the needle, Needles are usually made of iron but a few copper-alloy examples were found 6 from children graves, 3 in double graves (male & female), 38 with oval brooches, 2 with equal armed brooches, 5 with a trefoil brooch, 22 with a large round brooch, 1 with a silver pennanular. [ARWIDSSON 1984]:p.58-74
Only women’s graves?

Birka Type I-IV Cast gilt copper-alloy

Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

  • Birka 47 finds – 46 are copper-alloy, 1 is silver, the gold plated.
  • Type I - Jelling,
    • 13 finds, ? from Sweden (3 from Birka), ? from Denmark, 1 from Russia, 1 from England (Chester), 1 from Dublin
  • Type II - Borre beasts and knotwork.
    • 57 finds, 41 from Sweden, 3 from Norway, 7 from Russia, 1 from Finland, 5 from Denmark
  • Type III - Borre knotwork,
    • 8 finds, 6 from Sweden, 2 from Denmark. Type IIIe is possibly based on the English swastika style knot work.
  • Type IV - filigree.
    • 20 finds, 17 from Sweden, 1 from Norway, 1 from Finland, 1 from Russia.

Discussion
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Birka Type V Silver sheet - filigree

Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

  • Birka 9 finds.
  • over 50 examples from Denmark, Sweden and Gotland.

Discussion
Filigree brooches are made thus: the front plate was cut to shape and relief decoration imprinted by a bronze die. Sometimes a plain back-plate was affixed. Finally filigree and granules were soldered to the front plate raised features. [ROESDAHL 1982]:p.105
‘Patrices’ were used to achieve the basic convex shape. Made of bronze with raised relief. The silver sheet was placed on a yielding base and the Patrice hammered into it. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:p.254 cat.105,106

Birka Type VI Silver sheet – punched and stamped

Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

  • 11 finds, 3 from Gotland, 7 from Sweden, 1 from Russia. Type VI are similar and may have been based on English prototypes with their 5 raised rivets.

Discussion
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Large convex round brooches [V/F]

Dated from 900 to 954 on coins from Birka
Birka 5cm (2”) - open work 7cm (2 ¾”) - below or between the oval brooches. [EWING 2007]:p.61

Clasps are different from English brooches. The pin is held by two lugs and an additional third lug is often present, sometimes with an attached wire ring.
Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

  • Birka
    • 32 from Birka, 4.5 - 7.3cm, Found in position that suggests that they were used to close either the cloak or coats of women. All cast from copper alloy except for only one brooch was made from thin silver sheet and was smaller, 4.1cm. It was found on the chest and was probably still used to close a cloak or coat. Similar to small round brooches, needle arrangement and mostly gold plated. Some have an additional back plate. Also had the additional lug with occasional wire hoops attached. Centered around Sweden, typically Swedish. 2 in childrens graves, 5 in double graves, 26 found with oval brooches, 23 with small round brooches. [ARWIDSSON 1984]:p.75-84

Discussion
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Birka Type I-IV Cast gilt copper-alloy

Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

  • Type I - Jelling,
    • 13 finds, 4 from Sweden, 3 from Gotland, 4 from Norway, 1 from Denmark, 1 from Russia
  • Type II – Borre beasts and knotwork ,
    • 99 finds, 68 from Sweden, 16 from Russia, 13 from Norway, 1 from Iceland, 1 from Finland
  • Type III- Borre knotwork,
    • 8 finds, 7 from Sweden 1 from Denmark

Discussion
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Birka Type V Silver & gold sheet

Art
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Literature
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Archaeology

Discussion
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References

Arwidsson, Greta (ed.) (1984) Birka II:1 Systematische Analysen der Graberfunde. [Systematic Analysis of the Graves Findings] Birka, Kungliga Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien: II:1 [ARWIDSSON 1984] ^ 1 2 3 4 *
Ewing, Thor (2007) Viking Clothing. Tempus. [EWING 2007] ^ 1 2 3 *
Graham-Campbell, James (ed.) (1980) Viking Artefacts, A Select Catalogue. British Museum Publications [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980] ^ *
Margeson, Sue (1997) The Vikings in Norfolk. [MARGESON 1997] ^ 1 2 3 4 *
Owen, Olwyn, and Dalland, Magnar (1999) SCAR, A Viking Boat Burial on Sanday, Orkney. Tuckwell Press. [OWEN & DALLAND 1999] ^ 1 2 *
Petersen, Jan (1928) Vikingetidens Smykker. [Viking Jewellery]. [PETERSEN 1928] ^ *
Roesdahl, Else (1982) Viking Age Denmark. British Museum. [ROESDAHL 1982] ^ 1 2 3 *
Roesdahl, Else, and Wilson, David M. (eds.) (1992) From Viking to Crusader, The Scandinavians and Europe 800-1200. Nordic Council of Ministers. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] ^ 1 2 3 4 *