Difference between revisions of "Domed Helmets"

From The Viking Age Compendium
Jump to: navigation, search
m (... with a mail aventail)
 
(26 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
+
{{Stars2|Category=Armour|Typology=Archaeological Find Locations|TypologyFile=DomedHelmetMap.jpeg}}
{| style="background: PaleGoldenrod; width: 100%"
+
{{Helmets}}
|-
+
''A helmet constructed from strips and plates of iron riveted together in a dome shape. They often have additional face and neck protection attached.'' <br>
| scope="col" width="0" |[[File:Stars2.png|110px|frameless|left|link=Completion Ratings|Completion Ratings]]
+
| scope="col" width="1000" style="text-align: left;"|[[Completion Ratings|This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5]]
+
|-
+
| colspan="7" | Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected
+
|}
+
<br>
+
===== Definition =====
+
''A helmet constructed from strips and plates of iron riveted together in a dome shape. They often have additional face and neck protection attached.''  
+
  
{| class="wikitable"
+
==How common were helmets prior to 1000AD==
|+ align="top" style="caption-side: top; text-align: left;" | Recommendation for recreations
+
Only one domed helmet has been dated to the Viking Age and that is the find from the Gjermundbu cremation. The find is generally dated to the 10th century although dates as early as  the late 9th century have been suggested [STEUER 1987]. The latest commonly accepted date of the cremation is 980AD although suggestions that the helmet may have been 100 years old at the time of cremation have been put forward.<bR>
|-
+
In the light of this scant evidence for helmets a number of articles have started to appear questioning the reasoning of why people think that helmets were commonly worn during the Viking Age [WESTER 2001] [THOMPSON 2010]. <br>
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|800-899]]
+
<br>
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|900-979]]
+
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|980-1040]]
+
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|1041-1100]]
+
|-
+
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Optional]]
+
| Coleman="1" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Allowable]]
+
|}
+
  
===== Evidence from Art =====
+
==Variations in domed helmets==
 +
<!--{{Guide2|3|Optional|1|Allowable}}-->
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art =  
 
*Manuscripts
 
*Manuscripts
 
**C1 Leiden, Cod. Perizono F17 f.49r, 850-950AD  
 
**C1 Leiden, Cod. Perizono F17 f.49r, 850-950AD  
 
*Carvings
 
*Carvings
**Chester-le-street, England (----). Stone carving (TWEDDLE 1992, p.1102)
+
**Chester-le-street, England (----). Stone carving [TWEDDLE 1992:p.1102]
**Sockburn, England (----). 2 stone carvings (TWEDDLE 1992, p.1102)
+
**Sockburn, England (----). 2 stone carvings [TWEDDLE 1992:p.1102]
**Aberlemo, Scotland (----). Stone carving (TWEDDLE 1992, p.1099)
+
**Aberlemo, Scotland (----). Stone carving [TWEDDLE 1992:p.1099]
 
*Coins
 
*Coins
**Aethelred II (1003-1009) (TWEDDLE 1992, p.1104)
+
**Aethelred II (1003-1009) {TWEDDLE 1992:p.1104]
===== Evidence from Literature =====
+
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology=
 +
''See [[Helmets found in Western Europe]]''<br>
 +
|Discussion=
 +
Domed helms are still depicted on some early C11th coins. Tweddle states that the use of the conical helmet probably continued into the C9th and C10th. [TWEDDLE 1992:p.1125]<br>
 +
}}
  
===== Evidence from Archaeology =====
 
''See table ‘Archaeological Finds of Domed Helmets’''
 
[[File:DomedHelmetMap.jpeg|thumb|alt=Archaeological finds of Domed Helmets|Archaeological finds of Domed Helmets]]
 
<br>
 
===== Discussion =====
 
Domed helms are still depicted on some early C11th coins.
 
Tweddle states that the use of the conical helmet probably continued into the C9th and C10th. (TWEDDLE 1992, p.1125)
 
<br>
 
 
== ... with a crest ==
 
== ... with a crest ==
===== Definition =====
+
''A raised ridge running vertically over the helmet. Often in the shape of an animal and terminating in an animal head over the nose.''<br>
''A raised ridge running vertically over the helmet. Often in the shape of an animal and terminating in an animal head over the nose.''
+
<!--{{Guide2|1|Allowable|3|Unacceptable}}-->
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology=
 +
''See [[Helmets found in Western Europe]]''<br>
 +
<br>
 +
|Discussion
 +
}}
  
{| class="wikitable"
+
== ... with a boar figurine ==
|+ align="top" style="caption-side: top; text-align: left;" | Recommendation for recreations
+
[[File:Helmet Wollaston.jpg|thumb| Wollaston]]
|-
+
''A boar figurine attached to the ridge band of a helmet.''<br>
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Very Early]]
+
{{Evidence
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Early]]
+
|Art=
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Mid]]
+
* Manuscripts
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Late]]
+
** Russia, Cod.Q.v.XIV.I. fol1 (----) [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1101]
| scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Very Late]]
+
* Helmet plates
|-
+
** Sweden (----). Vendel I [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1123]
| colspan="1" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Allowable]]
+
** Sweden (----). Valsgarde 7 [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1123]
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| [[Recommendations for recreations|Unacceptable]]
+
|Literature=
|}  
+
* Saga of Saga of King Hrolf Kraki . King Adils' helmet which he called Hildigölt (War-Boar) [OAKESHOTT 1960: p.152]
===== Evidence from Art =====
+
* Beowolf
 +
|Archaeology=  
 +
* England, 2 finds (Wollaston and Benty Grange) and 1 possible (New Haven, now lost) [POLLINGTON 2006: p.161].
 +
|Discussion
 +
}}
  
===== Evidence from Literature =====
+
== ... with a bird’s head crest ==
 +
[[File:Helmet Vendle plate.jpg|thumb|Vendle helmet plate]]
 +
''A helmet with a high crest increasing in height towards the front of the helmet and terminating in a bird’s head''<br>
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art=
 +
* from helmet plates
 +
** Sweden (----). Vendel I [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1123]
 +
** Sweden (----). Vendel XIV [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1123]
 +
** Sweden (----). Valsgarde 7 [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1123]
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology=
 +
None<br>
 +
|Discussion
 +
}}
  
===== Evidence from Archaeology =====
+
== ... with a spectacle face guard [V] ==
''See table ‘Archaeological Finds of Domed Helmets’''
+
[[File:Vendle 14.jpg|thumb|Vendle 14]]
<br>
+
''A protective face plate with two eye holes.''<br>
===== Discussion =====
+
{{Evidence
These are
+
|Art
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology=
 +
''See [[Helmets found in Western Europe]]''<br>
 +
|Discussion=
 +
The only Viking Age helm found to date has been from Gjermundbu dated to 970AD (----). It is possible that the helm was already 100 years old when it has cremated (----) and it is not an unreasonable extrapolation that this helmet was a continuation of the Vendel / Valsgarde style of helms from the 8th century.<br>
 +
Only the spectacle part has survived from the Tjele and Hogbro helms and these have been identified as similar in form to the Gjermundbu helm [TWEDDLE 1992:p.1126].<br>
 +
}}
  
 +
== ... with check flaps ==
 +
''Hinged metal plates that protect the side of the face''<br>
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art=
 +
* Franks Casket [HARRISON 1993a: p.1] (*BM*)
 +
* Stockburn shaft, C10th [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1100]
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology=
 +
''See [[Helmets found in Western Europe]]''<br>
 +
|Discussion=
 +
A continuation from the Roman helmet. Cheek flaps can also be seen on the Lewis Chessmen dated to the C12th.<br>
 +
}}
 +
 +
 +
== ... with a mail curtain ==
 +
[[File:Helmet Valsgarde 8.jpg|thumb|Valsgarde 8]]
 +
''A mail sheet that covers the front of the face.''<br>
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology
 +
|Discussion = Middle east Persian? <br>
 +
}}
 +
 +
 +
== ... with a mail aventail ==
 
<br>
 
<br>
== Catalogue of finds ==
+
''A curtain of mail attached to the rear of a helm and designed to protect the neck.''<br>
{| class="wikitable"
+
{{Evidence
|+ Archaeological Finds of Domed Helmets
+
|Art
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: left;"|Find
+
|Literature
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Date
+
|Archaeology
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Crest
+
|Discussion
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Boar
+
}}
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Spectacle
+
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Cheek flaps
+
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Neck plates
+
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Mail Curtain
+
! scope="col" width="80" style="text-align: center;"|Mail Aventail
+
|-
+
| style="text-align: left;"|Broa Gotland
+
| style="text-align: center;"| 
+
| style="text-align: center;"|-
+
| style="text-align: center;"|
+
| style="text-align: center;"|
+
|-
+
| style="text-align: left;"|Valsgarde 8, Sweden
+
| style="text-align: center;"|520-600
+
| style="text-align: center;"|Yes
+
| style="text-align: center;"|-
+
| style="text-align: center;"|Yes
+
| style="text-align: center;"|-
+
| style="text-align: center;"|-
+
| style="text-align: center;"|Yes
+
| style="text-align: center;"|-
+
|}  
+
  
== See Also ==
+
== ... with horns ==
 +
[[File:Helmet Oseberg.jpg|thumb|Oseberg Tapestry]]
 +
''A helmet used for ceremonial functions''<br>
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art=
 +
* Oseberg Tapestry c.834AD possible figure of Odin
 +
* Kungsangen, Sweden (----) Two men, one in a horned helm, the other in a wolf mask [HAGG 1984:p.186]
 +
* Torslunda, Öland (c.600AD) A bronze die showing Woden with twin-dragon headgear followed by a wolf-warrior drawing his sword. [SPEIDEL 2004:p.28]
 +
* Rempstone, England (----) A mount [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1124]
 +
* Sweden, (----) images on the Valsgarde 7 and Valsgarde 8 helmets [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1124]
 +
* Sutton Hoo, England (----) image on helmet [TWEDDLE 1992: p.1124]
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology =
 +
None<br>
 +
|Discussion
 +
}}
  
 +
== ... made from leather or horn==
 +
{{Evidence
 +
|Art=
 +
|Literature
 +
|Archaeology =
 +
* England, Benty Grange - made with horn plates
 +
|Discussion =
 +
It is assumed that not all warriors could have had access to metal helms. Viable theories for alternative head protection includes the use of hardened leather caps, by the use of cuir boillie - although we cannot provenance this method at this date [CAMERON 2000:p.25-33].
 +
}}
 +
 +
==External Sites==
 +
[https://sites.google.com/site/archoevidence/home/helmets Looking for the Evidence]
 +
<br>
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 +
{{Ref|Cameron 2000}}
 +
{{Ref|Hagg 1984}}
 +
{{Ref|Harrison 1993a}}
 +
{{Ref|Steuer 1987}}
 +
{{Ref|Thompson 2010}}
 +
{{Ref|Tweddle 1992}}
 +
{{Ref|Wester 2001}}
 +
  
== External Links ==
+
<HarvardReferences />

Latest revision as of 19:48, 21 February 2020

DomedHelmetMap.jpeg

Archaeological Find Locations
More Armour pages

Completion Rating
This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.
Completion Rating
This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.

A helmet constructed from strips and plates of iron riveted together in a dome shape. They often have additional face and neck protection attached.

How common were helmets prior to 1000AD

Only one domed helmet has been dated to the Viking Age and that is the find from the Gjermundbu cremation. The find is generally dated to the 10th century although dates as early as the late 9th century have been suggested [STEUER 1987]. The latest commonly accepted date of the cremation is 980AD although suggestions that the helmet may have been 100 years old at the time of cremation have been put forward.
In the light of this scant evidence for helmets a number of articles have started to appear questioning the reasoning of why people think that helmets were commonly worn during the Viking Age [WESTER 2001] [THOMPSON 2010].

Variations in domed helmets

Art

  • Manuscripts
    • C1 Leiden, Cod. Perizono F17 f.49r, 850-950AD
  • Carvings
  • Coins
    • Aethelred II (1003-1009) {TWEDDLE 1992:p.1104]

Literature
--
Archaeology
See Helmets found in Western Europe
Discussion
Domed helms are still depicted on some early C11th coins. Tweddle states that the use of the conical helmet probably continued into the C9th and C10th. [TWEDDLE 1992]:p.1125

... with a crest

A raised ridge running vertically over the helmet. Often in the shape of an animal and terminating in an animal head over the nose.
Art
--
Literature
--
Archaeology
See Helmets found in Western Europe

Discussion
--

... with a boar figurine

Wollaston

A boar figurine attached to the ridge band of a helmet.
Art

Literature

  • Saga of Saga of King Hrolf Kraki . King Adils' helmet which he called Hildigölt (War-Boar) [OAKESHOTT 1960: p.152]
  • Beowolf

Archaeology

  • England, 2 finds (Wollaston and Benty Grange) and 1 possible (New Haven, now lost) [POLLINGTON 2006: p.161].

Discussion
--

... with a bird’s head crest

Vendle helmet plate

A helmet with a high crest increasing in height towards the front of the helmet and terminating in a bird’s head
Art

Literature
--
Archaeology
None
Discussion
--

... with a spectacle face guard [V]

Vendle 14

A protective face plate with two eye holes.
Art
--
Literature
--
Archaeology
See Helmets found in Western Europe
Discussion
The only Viking Age helm found to date has been from Gjermundbu dated to 970AD (----). It is possible that the helm was already 100 years old when it has cremated (----) and it is not an unreasonable extrapolation that this helmet was a continuation of the Vendel / Valsgarde style of helms from the 8th century.
Only the spectacle part has survived from the Tjele and Hogbro helms and these have been identified as similar in form to the Gjermundbu helm [TWEDDLE 1992]:p.1126.

... with check flaps

Hinged metal plates that protect the side of the face
Art

  • Franks Casket [HARRISON 1993a: p.1] (*BM*)
  • Stockburn shaft, C10th [TWEDDLE 1992]:p.1100

Literature
--
Archaeology
See Helmets found in Western Europe
Discussion
A continuation from the Roman helmet. Cheek flaps can also be seen on the Lewis Chessmen dated to the C12th.


... with a mail curtain

Valsgarde 8

A mail sheet that covers the front of the face.
Art
--
Literature
--
Archaeology
--
Discussion
Middle east Persian?


... with a mail aventail


A curtain of mail attached to the rear of a helm and designed to protect the neck.
Art
--
Literature
--
Archaeology
--
Discussion
--

... with horns

Oseberg Tapestry

A helmet used for ceremonial functions
Art

  • Oseberg Tapestry c.834AD possible figure of Odin
  • Kungsangen, Sweden (----) Two men, one in a horned helm, the other in a wolf mask [HAGG 1984]:p.186
  • Torslunda, Öland (c.600AD) A bronze die showing Woden with twin-dragon headgear followed by a wolf-warrior drawing his sword. [SPEIDEL 2004:p.28]
  • Rempstone, England (----) A mount [TWEDDLE 1992]:p.1124
  • Sweden, (----) images on the Valsgarde 7 and Valsgarde 8 helmets [TWEDDLE 1992]:p.1124
  • Sutton Hoo, England (----) image on helmet [TWEDDLE 1992]:p.1124

Literature
--
Archaeology
None
Discussion
--

... made from leather or horn

Art

Literature
--
Archaeology

  • England, Benty Grange - made with horn plates

Discussion
It is assumed that not all warriors could have had access to metal helms. Viable theories for alternative head protection includes the use of hardened leather caps, by the use of cuir boillie - although we cannot provenance this method at this date [CAMERON 2000]:p.25-33.

External Sites

Looking for the Evidence

References

Cameron, Esther A. (2000) Sheaths and Scabbards in England AD400-1100. British Archaeological Reports: BAR 301 [CAMERON 2000] ^ *
Hagg, Inga (1984) Die Textilfunde aus dem Hafen von Haithabu. [The Textile Finds from the Port of Hedeby]. Hedeby-Ausgrabungen in Haithabu [HAGG 1984] ^ *
Harrison, Mark (1993) Viking Hersier. Osprey: Warrior 3 [HARRISON 1993A] *
Steuer, Heiko. Helm und Ringschwert. Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger, Eine Übersicht. 1987. [STEUER 1987] ^ *
Thompson, Andrew (2010) Why is Anglo-Saxon armour so rare?. (Available Online) [Accessed: 2011]. [THOMPSON 2010] ^ *
Tweddle, Dominic (1992) The Anglian Helmet from Coppergate. York Archaeological Trust: 17/08 [TWEDDLE 1992] ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 *
Wester, Knut. Hvor er alle vikingtidshjelmene? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. 2001. (Available Online) [WESTER 2001] ^ *