Spears found in Britain

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Viking Age Compendium articles on Spears and Banners:
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Spears found in Britain
Viking Age Compendium articles on Spears and Banners:
VA Spears found in Britain.jpg
Spears found in Britain

The catalogue follows Thålin groups and then subdivided by Petersen's [PETERSEN 1919] types. Winged spearheads have been ground together in their own section and also include finds from outside of Britain. Each entry consists of the following components:

  • Current location- The Musuem and catalogue number.
  • Find Type- River find, grave find or stray. Also includes any proposed period dating.
  • Find Date- The year that the find was discovered.
  • Total length- The length, width, etc of the find
  • Blade- The length, width, etc of the blade. Plus any published sugestions of typology.
  • Socket- The length, width, etc of the blade plus decription of any decoration.
  • Comments- Any other information or opinions.
  • Bibliography- A list of published references.


Dimensions are given where known and can be stated in either imperial or metric measurements. Reference is sometimes made to Rygh types. Rygh’s [RYGH 1885] book illustrates examples of many pre-historic objects from Norway. These are designated as R.xxx where xxx is Rygh’s figure number.

Thålin Group 1

Leaf-shaped Spearheads (Pre 900AD)
Petersen Types A-E
Group 1 consists of Petersen types A, B, C, D1 and E. They are all types with a lancoid blade and gradual transition from socket to blade.

Petersen Type A/B

  • Spear a.jpg
  • Short socket with a flat, slightly raised backed, leaf shaped blade.

    Petersen dates them from before the Viking Age to the start of the Viking Age.

    England, Shropshire: Bromfield Churchyard

    Current Location- Shrewsbury Museum SHCMS:A.08312
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Bibliography-


    Petersen Type C

  • Spear c.jpg
  • Short socket with a leaf shaped blade, broader towards the socket.

    Similar to the type D1 but with a wider blade and shorter socket. Petersen dates them to the second half of the C9th although this has now been extended to the mid C10th [Hjardar & Vike 2016: p.175]

    Petersen Type D1

  • Petersen 1919 fig.10 Type D.jpg
  • Long socket with a long narrow leaf shaped blade.

    Similar to the type C but with a narrower blade and longer socket. Petersen discuss types D1 and D2 together and dates them to the C10th and in Norway they are found with Swords or types: S, Q, Special 20 and 1 with a type H. Also with Axe types: I-K and shields of R565.

    England, Yorkshire: River Ouse

    Current Location- Yorkshire Museum


    England, Nottinghamshire: Nottingham

    Current Location- British Museum
    Find Type- Grave find, C9th
    Find Date-
    Total length- L: 62.2cm (24.5” long x 2.5” wide)
    Blade- Type C-D
    Socket- Affixed to a wooden shaft by a brass pin
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, Cambridgeshire: River Ouse, Braham's Farm

    Current Location- Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Z 15993 (MAA Online Catalogue) 1929.283 (Roesdahl 1981)
    Find Type- River find.
    Find Date- 1929?
    Total length- L:45cm (MAA)
    Blade- Max width:3.7cm (MAA). Pattern-welded. Possibly a type E (Fuglesang 1980)
    Socket- Richly ornamented with silver, copper and fragments of gold, the design being apparently a variation of the Ringerike style. (Lethbridge & O'Reilly 1931)
    Comments-
    May be Anglo-Saxon as "there is no good parallel in Scandinavia fore the ornament on the Ouse spearhead" (Fuglesang 1980).
    "I don't doubt that the spearhead... is from the 10th century and preferably the first half of this century, the silver inlay seems to show that too. It is more difficult to decide tehe origin of this spearhead. It is a well-known type in Norway, but it may very well be made by the Northmen in England." Dr Jan Petersen. (Lethbridge & O'Reilly 1931)
    "The spearhead is, according to our finds, Carolingian and we should place it about 900 A.D. We have many such spearheads with side-wings, so-called Knebellanzen, but none of them has the plait ornament seen on yours." Curator of Mainz Museum (Lethbridge & O'Reilly 1931).
    Bibliography-


    England, London: River Thames

    Current Location-


    England, London: Wandsworth

    Current Location- Museum of London
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    Petersen Type E

  • Spear e.jpg
  • Short socket with a subtle transition into a long leaf shaped blade.

    Petersen describes the blades of this type as having 'an almost regular width' along its length and it being 'not especially pointed'. In Norway found with Swords or types: C, D, E and H. Axes of types: A, D and 1 of C. Shield boss type: R564

    England, Norfolk: Thetford

    Current Location-


    England, Hertfordshire: Nazeing

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- L.249mm x W.21mm
    Blade- L.? x W.? x T.7mm
    Socket- broken (under 20mm diamter)
    Comments- This socketed spear-head has a well-preserved blade, but very corroded and broken socket. Dated by Petersen to the 8th and 9th centuries
    Bibliography-


    Thålin Group 2

    Angular Spearheads with Short Sockets (950-1075AD)
    Petersen Types D2, G & H
    Group 2 consists of Petersen types D:2, G and H. They are all types with edge shoulders placed low on the blade and a short conical socket with marked narrowing below the blade.

    Fuglesang includes the winged spears of Petersens type D2 in with this group as she removed wings as a determinant of typology making Petersens D2 and G types the same.
    It has also been suggested by Fuglesang and Petersen that type G spearheads without wings may be of eastern origin with the majority of finds coming from Sweden and Finland. A few decorated type G spears have been found with Urnes style decoration.

    Petersen Type G

  • Spear g.jpg
  • A short, thick socket that usually continues partly into the blade. The blade is quite flat.

    Petersen matches this type in Norway to Swords of types: R, S, Q, 2 of Y, 1 of X and 1 of AE. Axes of types: L, M. Dates to the second half of the C10th and into the C11th.
    Ornamented versions of this type are mainly found in Sweden and the Baltic [PETERSEN 1919].

    England, Berkshire: River Lodden, Twyford

    Current Location- British Museum 1955,0506.1
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London: River Thames, Hampton Court

    Current Location- Museum of London


    England, London: Walthamstow

    Current Location- Museum of London


    Petersen Type H

  • Spear h.jpg
  • In most ways the same as type G except for the moulding at the base of the blade and the socket is slightly longer.

    England, Cambridgeshire: Soham

    Current Location- Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 1933.814 (MAA Online Catalogue) / AEAS. 0115 (Bjorn & Shetelig 1940)


    England, Cambridgeshire: Ely

    Current Location- Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
    Find Type- c.1000
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade- Rygh type R.523 (Bjorn & Shetelig 1940)
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, Cambridgeshire: River Cam, Dimmock's Cote nr. Upware

    Current Location- Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 1924.607


    England, Lincolnshire: River Witham, Lincoln

    Current Location- Lincoln The Collection



    England, Lancashire: Claughton Hall

    Current Location- Lost


    England, Oxfordshire: Islip

    Current Location-
    Find Type- River Find
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Rygh 523 AD c.1000 [Seaby 1950:p.42]
    Bibliography-


    Petersen Type D2

  • Spear d2.jpg
  • Similar to type H but with wings (lugs).

    Petersen discuss types D1 and D2 together and dates them to the C10th and in Norway they are found with Swords or types: S, Q, Special 20 and 1 with a type H. Also with Axe types: I-K and shields of R565.

    England, York

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Bronze socket of spearhead from Farnham, C11th. This type of spearhead could be considered to be an eastern (Finish) type except for this find from York and another from the British Museum.
    Bibliography-


    England, Oxfordshire: Oxford at Magdalen Bridge

    Current Location-
    Find Type- River Find
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket- Probably winged.
    Comments- Petersen after examining the drawing dates it to AD 850-900
    Bibliography-


    England, London:

    Current Location- British Museum 1856,0701.1449
    Find Type- C9th-C10th
    Find Date- before 1856
    Total length- 485mm
    Blade-
    Socket- domed copper alloy rivets in milled wire collars
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, ?

    Current Location- British Museum No. 22
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments
    Bibliography-



    England, ?

    Current Location- British Museum No. 21
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Bibliography-



    Thålin Group 3

    Angular Spearheads with Long Sockets from Britain (840-1100AD)
    Petersen types F, I, K & M
    Group 3 consists of Petersen types F, I, K & M. They are all types with a narrow blade which is often shouldered and a socket that is long, narrow and conical.

    Fuglesang has studied the K & M types of spearhead that are decorated in Ringerike designs. Due to difficulty in determining the exact typology of many of these spearheads she has introduced a new K/M type that falls between those of Petersens K and M [FUGLESANG 1980].

    Petersen Type F

  • Spear f.jpg
  • long and thin socket ornamented with encircling ridges and depressions. The blade is widest as it joins the socket.

    Found with sword types: M, L, K, H and I. Axes types: E, G and D. Type F spearheads generally have a length of 30-60cm with most being between 50-60cm. Petersen classes this a very numerous type in Norway and dates it from the middle C9th.[PETERSEN 1919]. Possibly a precursor to type I spears.

    Isle of Man, Ballateare (F)

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 26.3cm
    Blade- Type F?
    Socket- It has 6 pairs of copper-alloy rivets.
    Comments- A Norwegian type (Bersu & Wilson 1966)
    Bibliography-


    England, Cumbria: Hesket-in-the-Forest (F)

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 11” long
    Blade-
    Socket- It has 6 pairs of close set rings each with a pair of rivet holes.
    Comments- I consider this to be a transitional type between F and I like those from Bruhaugen in Norway [PETERSEN 1919]:Fig. 16 and Sodermanland in Sweden. [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940]:p.20 Edwards quotes Cowen who considers this spear as a hybrid between Petersen's type F and I.[EDWARDS 1992:P.46]
    Bibliography-


    England, Oxfordshire: River Thames

    Current Location-



    Irish Type

    ----------------

    Isle of Man, Cronk Moar

    Current Location- Manx Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 52cm
    Blade- Irish type
    Socket-
    Comments- Probably of Irish type. (Bersu & Wilson 1966)
    Bibliography-


    Isle of Man, Ballateare (I)

    Current Location- Manx Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 44.7cm
    Blade- Type I with no rivit holes or an Irish type (Bersu & Wilson 1966)
    Socket- No row of rivet holes.
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    Petersen Type I

  • Spear i.jpg
  • The socket commonly has 11 pairs of holes originally with bronze rivets. Some have up to 15 pairs of holes. Petersen classes these as not numerous in Norway [PETERSEN 1919].

    England, Cumbria: Hesket-in-the-Forest (I)

    Current Location-


    Petersen Type K

  • Spear k.jpg
  • These spears have slender long sockets and have short transition between socket and blade. [PETERSEN 1919]

    Scotland, Outer Hebrides, South Uist: Vallay

    Current Location-


    Isle of Man, Ballateare (K)

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 60.0cm
    Blade- Type K
    Socket-
    Comments- Has no prominent rib and so may be of Irish manufacture (Bersu & Wilson 1966)
    Bibliography-


    Isle of Man: Balladoyne

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- L:20-25”
    Blade-
    Socket- Inside the socket are fragments of fine linen fabric which had been bound twice around the point of the wooden shaft.
    Comments- Type K, very rusty. A thin disk is attached to the socket.
    Bibliography-



    Wales, Caerwent, Insula XII

    Current Location- Newport Museum & Art Gallery NPTMG:D2/43
    Find Type- Burial?
    Find Date- 1910/11
    Total length- L:550mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Found with an Axe
    Bibliography-



    Wales, Merionethshire, Festinlog

    Current Location- The Great North Museum NEWMA : 1824.8
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, Cumbria: Nan Bield Pass

    Current Location- Carlisle Tullie House Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date- 1969
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Unpublished
    Bibliography-


    England, Yorkshire: York

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, North Yorkshire: Bedale, Camphill

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Long and slender late Viking - Type K?
    Bibliography-



    England, Norfolk: Burnham Thorpe

    Current Location- Kings Lynn Museum 1971.77
    Find Type-
    Find Date- 1971?
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-
    • Kings Lynn Museum (2015)


    England, Cambridgeshire: Ely

    Current Location-



    England, Surry, Sunbury Weir

    Current Location- Reading Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade- Central panel of herring-bone pattern welding
    Socket- Tubular socket
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, Berkshire, Cookham

    Current Location- Reading Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade- Central panel of herring-bone pattern welding
    Socket- Split socket
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, Berkshire, Cookham

    Current Location- British Museum 1868,0128.2
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 37cm
    Blade-
    Socket- Split socket
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London, Thames at Kingston

    Current Location- Reading Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade- Central panel of herring-bone pattern welding
    Socket- Split socket
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London: Old London Bridge (K9)

    Current Location- Museum of London A 23352
    Find Type- River find. Part of a group of 16 items including 6 type k spearheads. Dated to the early C11th.
    Find Date- 1920s
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- "traces of a serrated band of inlay along each side of the mid-rib"[WHEELER 1927]:p.23
    Bibliography-


    England, London: Old London Bridge (K10)

    Current Location- Museum of London A 23348
    Find Type- River find. Part of a group of 16 items including 6 type k spearheads. Dated to the early C11th.
    Find Date- 1920s
    Total length- L:372mm x W:26mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London: Old London Bridge (K11)

    Current Location- Museum of London A 23350
    Find Type- River find. Part of a group of 16 items including 6 type k spearheads. Dated to the early C11th.
    Find Date- 1920s
    Total length- L:420mm x W:40mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- "has slight traces of a zigzag strip of inlay down each side of the central rib."(WHEELER 1927,p.20)
    Bibliography-


    England, London: Old London Bridge (K12)

    Current Location- Museum of London A 23351
    Find Type- River find. Part of a group of 16 items including 6 type k spearheads. Dated to the early C11th.
    Find Date- 1920s
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket- fragment of wooden shaft in socket (WHEELER 1927,p.23)
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London: Old London Bridge (K13)

    Current Location- Museum of London A 23349
    Find Type- River find. Part of a group of 16 items including 6 type k spearheads. Dated to the early C11th.
    Find Date- 1920s
    Total length- L:512mm x W:35mm
    Blade-
    Socket- fragment of wooden shaft in socket.
    Comments- slight moulding at base of blade
    Bibliography-


    England, London, Old London Bridge (K14)

    Current Location- Museum of London A 23353
    Find Type- River find. Part of a group of 16 items including 6 type k spearheads. Dated to the early C11th.
    Find Date- 1920s
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket- "The socket ls decorated with an elaborate interlacing pattern, inlaid in white metal; above this, the neck of the spear has eight facets, each bearing an inlaid key pattern. The lower end of the socket is damaged. but can be to some extent reconstructed from a strikingly similar spearhead found at Hyilestad, north of Bergen in Norway."[WHEELER 1927]:p.20 Wheeler identifies the decoration as Ringerike.
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London: Putney

    Current Location- Museum of London A 25395


    England, London, nr. Tate Gallery

    Current Location- Museum of London A 14746


    England, London, Thames River

    Current Location- British Museum 1893,0715.2
    Find Type- Unknown, probably a River find.
    Find Date- 1848
    Total length- L:546mm x W:23
    Blade-
    Socket- D:20mm
    Comments- socket covered with alternating silver and copper chevrons.[BJORN & SHETELIG 1940]:p.84 This type of decoration is known mainly from Norway.[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:p.73]
    Bibliography-


    England, London: River Thames

    Current Location- British Museum 1854,0330.1
    Find Type- River. C9th-C11th
    Find Date- 1854
    Total length- L.744mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Split socket and grooves around junction
    Bibliography-


    England, London:

    Current Location- British Museum 1856,0701.1441
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- 28.7cm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London: River Thames

    Current Location- British Museum 1856,0401.1376


    England, London, Thames at Ditton

    Current Location- British Museum 1862,0802.3


    England, London

    Current Location- British Museum 1855,1029.1


    England, London: River Thames at Battersea

    Current Location- British Museum 1857,0623.3
    Find Type- River. C9th-C10th
    Find Date- 1857
    Total length- 494mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-
    [British Museum (image)]


    Petersen Type M

  • Spear m.jpg
  • Similar to type K, but shorter, and they have the widest part of the blade further towards the tip than type K's. These date mostly to the C11th. [PETERSEN 1919] Fuglesang has redefined the difference between types K and M by measuring the distance from the mouth of the socket to the widest part of the blade (the shoulder). [FUGLESANG 1980]
    Type K: 1:3 to 1:3.8
    Type K/M: 1:2.4 to 1:3
    Type M: 1:1.6 to 1:2.4

    Scotland, Kiloran Bay, Colonsay

    Current Location- National Museum of Scotland
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- original length:63.5cm
    Blade- in more than 5 badly rusted fragments. width:6.5cm
    Socket- with preserved rivets
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    Scotland, Orkney, Sanday: Lamba Ness

    Also known as Lamaness

    Current Location- National Museum of Scotland
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- original length:24cm
    Blade- width:3.5cm
    Socket-
    Comments- Grieg was unsure regarding the type
    Bibliography-


    England, Kidlington, River Cherwell

    Current Location- Ashmolean Museum 1949/928



    England, Herefordshire, Lugg Mills

    Current Location- Hereford Museum
    Find Type-
    Find Date- 1973
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Unpublished
    Bibliography-



    England, Cambridgeshire:

    Current Location- Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Z 1390
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- L:40.8cm, W:5.5cm, weight:941gr (MAA Online Catalogue)
    Blade-
    Socket- Still has a rivet in position
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, Cambridgeshire:

    Current Location- Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 1934.895 A
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-
    • Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (2015)


    England, Essex, Nazeing

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length- L:246mm x W:35mm
    Blade- T:6mm
    Socket- D:18 mm
    Comments- Decoration between blade and socket consists of a barrel-shaped collar with two ribs above and below it. These had been forged by cutting into the spear when hot during manufacture. Pattern-welded blade.
    Bibliography-


    England, London:

    Current Location- British Museum 1856,0701.1452
    Find Type- ?
    Find Date- ?
    Total length- 37.9cm
    Blade-
    Socket- Silver inlay.
    Comments-
    Bibliography-


    England, London, Thames at Datchet

    Current Location- Museum of London A 17479
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Unpublished
    Bibliography-


    England, London, Thames Street

    Current Location- Museum of London


    England, London

    Current Location- Museum of London


    England, Berkshire, Pangbourne

    Current Location- British Museum 1856,0701.1377
    Find Type
    Find Date-1856
    Total length- 382mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments- Purchased from Charles Roach Smith
    Bibliography-
    [British Museum (image)]


    Spears still awaiting classification

    Unknown

    Wales, Flintshire, Talacre

    Current Location-
    Find Type- grave
    Find Date-1930
    Total length- 500mm
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-



    England, Kentmere

    Current Location- Kendal Museum We. SD 456 028



    England, Kentmere

    Current Location- Kendal Museum We. c.SD 456 028



    England, Estheaite

    Current Location-  La. c.SD 360 960



    England, Lancaster

    Current Location-
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Total length-
    Blade-
    Socket-
    Comments-
    Bibliography-



    Unclassified spearheads

    The following spearheads are referenced but have both no associated image and no type mentioned.

    • West Ham, near Basingstoke, Hants, England. Possibly Saxon [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940]:P.15
    • Ballaugh, Isle of Man (Lost) [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940]:P.22
    • Boiden, near the lower Bridge of Froon, Scotland (Lost) The spear-head is 11 in. long and 2 in. broad.
    • Scotland, Eriskay. 3.5" long and broken at the socket. leaf shaped blade. [GRIEG 1940]:p.73 Javelin?


    Winged

    Unclassifiable Spearheads

    The following spearhead remains are either too fragmentary or have been lost so that a type cannot be ascertained.

    England, Lancashire: Heysham

    Lost.

    Scotland, Highlands, Eigg Grave 2

    Current Location- National Museum of Scotland X.IL 168
    Find Type-
    Find Date-
    Blade-
    Haft- some wood remains inside the socket
    Comments- Only the spearhead socket survives complete with some parts of the wooden shaft. [GRIEG 1940]:p.68
    Bibliography-



    Select Bibliography

    Bjorn, Anathon, and Shetelig, Haakon (1940) Viking Antiquities in England. Edited by Haakon Shetelig. (Available Online) Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and Ireland: Part 4 [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940] ^ 1 2 3 4 5 *
    Edwards, B.J.N. (1998) Vikings in North West England. The Artifacts. [EDWARDS 1998] *
    Graham-Campbell, James, and Batey, Colleen E. (1998) Vikings in Scotland, an archaeological survey. Edinburgh University Press. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL & BATEY 1998] *
    Grieg, Sigurd (1940) Viking Antiquities in Scotland. Edited by Haakon Shetelig. (Available Online) Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and Ireland: Part 2 [GRIEG 1940] ^ 1 2 *
    Petersen, Jan (1919) De Norske Vikingesverd. [The Viking Sword]. [PETERSEN 1919] ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 *
    Wheeler, R.E.M. (1927) London and the Vikings. London Museum Catalogues: No 1 [WHEELER 1927] ^ 1 2 *
    Wheeler, R.E.M. (1935) London and the Saxons. London Museum Catalogues: No 6 [WHEELER 1935] *