Changes

{{Stars2| styleCategory="background: PaleGoldenrod; width: 100%"Weapons}}|- {{Knives}}| scope="col" width="0" |[[File:Stars1.png|110px|frameless|left|link=Completion Ratings|Completion Ratings]]| scope="col" width="1000" style="text-align: left;"|[[Completion Ratings|This article's completion rating is 1 out 'A large knife with a blade length of 5]]|- | colspan=18cm (7"4" | Article planned for future work) or longer possibly used in combat. No real progress to date |}''

''A knife with a blade length of 20cm For longer Seaxes over 30cm (812") or longer possibly see [[Langseax]] and for Scandinavian combat knives see [[Norse Style Knives]].<br><br>Harke defined knives and short seaxes by size with knives being under 175mm and short seaxes being over 180mm. [CAMERON 2000:p.49]. Like Esther Cameron we have also used this as our definition. Blades of over 12" in combatlength are more usually defined as [[Langseax]]es.''

{{TOClimit|3}} Seaxes over 8” long were popular during the C6th Anglo-Saxon pagan periodThe short seax is also known as a Scramasax, a Hadseax or just a Sax. It is not uncommon for burials The term Scramasax comes from Gregory of Tours writing in 575AD, who speaks of "boys with strong knives (cultris validis), which they commonly call scramasaxes (scramasaxos)." in his History of the Viking age to contain more than one knifeFranks (IV, 52). [BERSU and WILSON 1966WHEELER 1935: p.41176] Wheeler gives his opinion that small heavy seaxes were It is not known if this name continued in use up until into the end of the C10th but that really as a weapon it belongs to the pre-Viking periodAge. [WHEELER 1927: p.30]

== Seaxes from It is not uncommon for burials in the C9th ==Viking age to contain more than one knife. [BERSU & WILSON 1966: p.41] Wheeler gives his opinion that small heavy seaxes were in use up until the end of the C10th but that as a weapon it really belongs to the pre-Viking period. [WHEELER 1927: p.30]

'''Discussion'''<br>Probably similar in form to Seaxs from the C10th style?<br>Viking Age never have metal fittings unlike the pagan Anglo-Saxon examples.

<br>=== Knives =Images of Seaxes (C8th to C11th)==

=== Sheaths ==='''Archaeology'''<br>* 775-800AD St. Andrew Sarcophagus* C8th England, Derbyshire, Repton. Stone carving, [CAMERON 2000: p.63-64200] [HINTON 2005: p.105]* Dover850-900AD Brussels, BucklandBibliotheque Royale, grave 145, leather sheath dated to 700-750ADLat. 9987. Psychomachia* LondonC9th Paris, BNF, River Thames nrLat. Westminster Bridge8085 fol.57r. Virtue, metal fittingsarmed with a sword and seax, late C8thcombating a Vice. [BNF]* DerbyshireC10th Brussels, ReptonBibliotheque Royale, Stone carving, C8thms. 10066-77 Psychomachia f.112r-139r* YorkEngland, leather sheathDorset, C9th* Cranborne. Silver strap-end from Cranborne, Dorset [HINTON 2005: p.113]* Middleton Warrior [BAILEY 1980:pl.14]* 975-1000AD Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS23, f.23r.[PARKER LIBRARY]* 1025-1050AD Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS lat 8824 - seax.jpg [OHLGREN 1992]* 1076AD Bayeux Tapestry [WILSON 1985:pl.6, 7] <gallery>Scotland, St Andrew Sarcophagus.jpg|St. Andrew SarcophagusRepton_Stone.jpg|Repton StoneParis,_Bibliothèque_Nationale_de_France,_Lat._8085_seax.jpg| Paris, BNF, Lat. 8085England, Middleton Warrior, Stone Carving.jpg|Middleton WarriorBrussels,_Bibliotheque_Royale,_ms._10066-77_seax.jpg|Brussels Bib. ms. 10066-77Cranborne_Silver_strap-end.jpg|Cranbourne Strap End Paris,_Bibliothèque_Nationale,_MS_lat_8824_-_seax.jpg|Paris, BNF, Lat. 8824Bayeux_Tapestry_seax.JPG|Bayeux Tapestry</gallery>

== Seaxes from the C10th and Literature (C9th to C11th )==* Beowulf c.1000AD** "Grendel''Knives s mother; the hard man of conflict then heaved, now that he was enraged, the deadly foe, so that she fell to the floor; she again him quickly gave hand-reward with blade length from 17 wrathful grips and clutched him against herself; hen, weary in spirit, he stumbled, the strongest man, warrior on foot, so that he was in a fall; then she bestrode the guest in her hall, and drew her seax, broad and bright-edged; she wished to 20cmavenge her son, only offspring;" lines 1538-1547 [http://www. Dated to 920heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-text.html heorot.dk]<br>** "Then again the king himself gathered his wits, drew a slaughter-seax bitter and battle-sharp, that he wore on his byrnie;" lines 2702-1100AD 2704 [CAMERON 2000http: p//www.64heorot.dk/beowulf-65rede-text.html heorot.dk]''<br>** "beside him lies his life-contender sick with seax-wounds" line 2903-2904 [http://www.heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-text.html heorot.dk]<br>  

'''Discussion'''<br>==English Seax Blades (C9th to C11th)== One find from cheapside could have had a blade of 25cm[[File:Seax Blades. jpg|thumb|200px|right|Seax Blades]]Out of 128 knives found from Coppergate York, only 1 can be classed as a seax. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]<br> ===England, Cambridge, River Cam at Dimmock's Cote==={{Cat|:Type- ? 800AD:Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- 'large scramasax with a groove along the back of the blade' [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940:p.69].:Bibliography- :*{{ListRef|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940|p.69}}|Seen=|Museum= University of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge|Accession=|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_Dimmock_Cote.jpg}} ===England, Cumwhitton, Plough Soil==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: 30mm; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 220mm :Comments- 'Patern-welded blade with remains of possible leather sheath still attached' [PATERSON 2014:cat.634].:Bibliography- :*{{ListRef|Paterson 2014|p.50,51 & Cat.634}}|Seen=|Museum= Tullie House Museum|Accession=|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_Cumwhitton_634.jpg}} ===England, Cumwhitton, Grave 5==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ? :Size- Blade Length: 182mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 270mm :Comments- 'Part pattern welded. Has a horn handle with inlaid silver wire.' [PATERSON 2014:cat.885].:Bibliography- :*{{ListRef|Paterson 2014|p.110 & Cat.885}}|Seen= yes|Museum= Tullie House Museum|Accession=|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=TH Cumwhitton Seax Grave 5.JPG|i3=Seax Cumwhitton 885.jpg}} ===England, Brackley, Northamptonshire==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ? :Size- ? :Comments- :Bibliography- |Seen= yes|Museum= Ashmolean Museum|Accession= AN1941.82|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=Ashmolean Seax - Brackley, Northamptonshire (AN1941.82).jpg}} ===England, Norwich?==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ? :Size- ? :Comments- Seen in Norwich Castle Museum. No other information known.:Bibliography- |Seen= yes|Museum= Norwich Castle Museum|Accession=|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=Norwich-Seax.jpg}} ===England, Kent, Sittingbourne==={{Cat|:Type- Wheeler IV 900-925AD :Find Date- 1881 :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- 'inlaid with copper, bronze, silver and niello.' [WILSON 1964:cat.80].:Bibliography- [WILSON 1964:cat.80] [[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=476352&objectId=95276&partId=1 British Museum Website]]|Seen= |Museum= British Museum|Accession= 1881,0623.1|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=BM-Web Sittingbourne Seax (1881,0623.1).JPG}} ===England, London==={{Cat|:Type- Wheeler III/II 1000-1100AD:Find Date- ? :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 247mm :Comments- :Bibliography- [MUSEUM OF LONDON IMAGES] [[http://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/Online/object.aspx?objectID=object-146014&rows=1&start=0 Webpage link]]|Seen= yes|Museum= Museum of London|Accession= ALG84[588]381|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_ALG84_588_381.jpg}} ===England, London, Honey Lane==={{Cat|:Type- Wheeler IV 978-1016AD:Find Date- 1856 :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 327mm :Comments- :Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.43]|Seen= |Museum= British Museum |Accession= 1856,0701.1413|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=BM-Web Honey Lane Seax (1856,0701.1413).jpg}} ===England, London, Park Street==={{Cat|:Type- 800-1000AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 266mm :Comments- :Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.81] [[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=83812&partId=1]]|Seen= |Museum= British Museum |Accession= 1933,0510.1|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=Seax London 1879 Park Street (Wilson 1965).jpg}} ===England, London, Princes Street==={{Cat|:Type- 900-1000AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= |Museum= London Museum |Accession= 29.94,17 (Wheeler no.21)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_Princes_Street.jpg}} ===England, London,Thames==={{Cat|:Type- 800-1000AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 232mm :Comments- :Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.50] [[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=86468&partId=1]]|Seen= |Museum= British Museum |Accession= 1859,0122.12|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_1859_Thames (Wilson 1965).jpg}} ===England, London, Thames==={{Cat|:Type- 900-1100AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: 247mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 334mm :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= yes|Museum= Museum of London |Accession= A1781 (Wheeler no.25)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_A1781.jpg}} ===England, London, Thames at Blackfriars==={{Cat|:Type- 800-1000AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= |Museum= Museum of London |Accession= A9313 (Wheeler no.8)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_A9313.jpg}} ===England, London, Thames at Brentford==={{Cat|:Type- 700-900AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= |Museum= Museum of London |Accession= A10721 (Wheeler no.11)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_A10721.jpg}} ===England, London, Thames at Brentford==={{Cat|:Type- 900-1100AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= |Museum= Museum of London |Accession= A13935 (Wheeler no.22)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_A13935.jpg}} ===England, London, Thames at Brentford==={{Cat|:Type- 500-700AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: 181mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [MUSEUM OF LONDON IMAGES]|Seen= |Museum= Museum of London |Accession= O2136|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_O2136.jpg}} ===England, London, Thames at Fulham==={{Cat|:Type- Wheeler IV 900-1000AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= |Museum= Museum of London |Accession= A24399 (Wheeler no.18)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_A24399.jpg}} ===England, London, Thames at Fulham==={{Cat|:Type- Wheeler III/II 900-1100AD:Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]|Seen= |Museum= Museum of London |Accession= A24909 (Wheeler no.17)|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_London_A24909.jpg}} ===England, York, Goodramgate==={{Cat|:Type- :Find Date- :Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? :Comments- :Bibliography- ::{{ListRef|Waterman 1959|p.73}}|Seen= |Museum= Yorkshire Museum |Accession= |i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=seax_York_Goodramgate.jpg}}

=== Sheaths ===* England, 12 finds (out of London. One find from cheapside could have had a total blade of 61 knife sheaths) 25cm. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]* York [MOULD, CARLISLE and CAMERON 2003: p3379-3385]* Dublin Style E1 [CAMERON 2007: p.15-20]* [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]

'''Discussion'''<br>Substantial ==English style Seax Sheathes (C9th to C11th)== [[File:Seax Sheaths.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Seax Sheaths]]Seax sheaths are made from substantial leather up to 3mm thick. Closed and closed by rivets about 4 to 5cm apart. In England there are 12 finds of Seax sheaths out of a total of 61 [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]<br> ===Germany, Aachen==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- before 1860:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: 470mm ; Total Width: ?:Comments- Contains a name in Old English:Bibliography- [OKASHA 1992:p.64 cat.1 pl.IV]|Seen= |Museum= Aachen Cathedral Treasury |Accession= |i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=sheath_Aachen.jpg}} ===Norway, Trondheim, Sor-Trondelag==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- Contains a name in Old English:Bibliography- [OKASHA 1992:p.64 cat.12 pl.V]|Seen= |Museum= |Accession= |i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=sheath_Trondheim_T5919.jpg}} ===Norway, Trondheim, Sor-Trondelag==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- Contains a name in Old English:Bibliography- [OKASHA 1992:p.64 pl.V cat.13]|Seen= |Museum= |Accession= |i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=sheath_Trondheim_T5919.jpg}} ===Ireland, Dublin, Christchurch Place==={{Cat|:Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: 367mm ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2007:p. cat.DLS 4] |Seen= |Museum= |Accession= |i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=sheath_Dublin_DLS4.jpg}} ===Ireland, Dublin, Christchurch Place==={{Cat|:Type- ? 1050-1075AD:Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: 295mm ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2007:p. cat.DLS 5] [OKASHA 1992:p.64 cat.2]|Seen= |Museum= |Accession= E122:12660|i1none=X|i2h=70px|i2=sheath_Dublin_DLS4.jpg}}  {||- valign="top" id="C.DLS11"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_Dublin_DLS11.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Dublin DLS11]]|width="600pt"| '''Ireland, Dublin, Fishamble Street''':Current Location- ? (Cameron 2007 cat.DLS 11):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: 405mm ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2007:p.]  |- valign="top" id="C.349"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_Gloucester_sf.65.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Gloucester 349]]|width="600pt"| '''England, Gloucester, 11-17 Southgate Street''':Current Location- Gloucester City Museum, GLRCM 85/1968 sf.65 (Cameron 2000 cat.349) (Okasha 1992 cat.3):Type- ? :Find Date- 1968:Size- Blade Length: 170mm ; Total Length: 190mm ; Total Width: 68mm:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.] [OKASHA 1992:p.64 cat.3] |- valign="top" id="C.350"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_Gloucester_sf.7.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Gloucester 350]]|width="600pt"| '''England, Gloucester, Berkeley Street''':Current Location- Gloucester City Museum, GLRCM 19/79 sf.7 (Cameron 2000 cat.350) (Okasha 1992 cat.4):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: 200mm ; Total Length: 415mm ; Total Width: 70mm:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.] [OKASHA 1992:p.64 cat.4] |- valign="top" id="C.114"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_Hexham.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Hexham 114]]|width="600pt"| '''England, Hexham''':Current Location- Hexham (Cameron 2000 cat.114) (Okasha 1992 cat.5):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ? ; Total Length: 100mm ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.] [OKASHA 1992:p.64 cat.5] *York 115*York 214*York 215 |- valign="top" id="C.205"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_York_sf.754.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=York sf.754]]|width="600pt"| '''England, York, Parliament Street''':Current Location- ? sf.754 (Cameron 2000 cat.205):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.112]  |- valign="top" id="C.206"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_York_Coppergate.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=York Coppergate]]|width="600pt"| '''England, York, Coppergate''':Current Location- ? (Cameron 2000 cat.206):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.]  |- valign="top" id="C.207"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_York_sf.753.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=York sf.753]]|width="600pt"| '''England, York, Parliament Street''':Current Location- ? sf.753 (Cameron 2000 cat.207):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.113]  |- valign="top" id="C.347"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_York_sf.4332.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=York sf.4332]]|width="600pt"| '''England, York''':Current Location- ? sf.4332 (Cameron 2000 cat.347):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.135]  |- valign="top" id="C.144"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_London_Trump_Street.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London Trump Street]]|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Trump Street''':Current Location- Museum of London, MOL ? (Cameron 2000 cat.144):Type- ? :Find Date- ?:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [CAMERON 2000:p.] |- valign="top" id="C.145"|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_London_Cheapside.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London Cheapside]]|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Cheapside''':Current Location- Museum of London, MOL 11674 (Cameron 2000 cat.145) (Okasha 1992 cat.6):Type- ? :Find Date- 1927:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: 390mm ; Total Width: ?:Comments- :Bibliography- [VINCE 1991] [CAMERON 2000:p.208] [OKASHA 1992:cat.6] |} 

 == See Also ==[[Weapons]]<br>

*[*BERSU and WILSON {{Ref|Book=Bailey 1980}}{{Ref|Book=Bersu & Wilson 1966]}}*[*CAMERON {{Ref|Book=Bjorn & Shetelig 1940}}{{Ref|Book=British Museum Website}}{{Ref|Book=Cameron 2000]}}*[*HINTON {{Ref|Book=Cameron 2007}}{{Ref|Book=Hinton 2005]}}*[*MOULD, CARLISLE and CAMERON 2003]{{Ref|Book=Museum of London Website}}*[*WHEELER {{Ref|Book=Ohlgren 1992}}{{Ref|Book=Okasha 1992}}{{Ref|Book=Parker Library}}{{Ref|Book=Paterson 2014}}{{Ref|Book=Vince 1991}}{{Ref|Book=Wilson 1964}}{{Ref|Book=Wilson 1965}}{{Ref|Book=Wilson 1985}}{{Ref|Book=Wheeler 1927]}}{{Ref|Book=Wheeler 1935}}