Changes
{{stars1|Category = Weapons}}
{{TOClimit|3}}
{{Swords}}
<br>
== Introduction ==
This article is about metal fittings that were probably attached to [[Sword Scabbards]]. I understand that Peter Paulsen comprehensibly covered the subject of Viking sword scabbard chapes in 1953 in his book Schwertortbänder der Wikingerzeit[PAULSEN 1953]. Unfortunately More recently Androshchuk has published an updated typology and catalogue of 174 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]<br>This article is primarily concerned with Scandinavian and Western European Chape styles. Paulsen discuss a number of Eastern European styles that we do not have access to this volume and so have created our own typology as detailed belownot included here.<br>
<br>
== English Styles ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Ashwell.jpg|''England, Hertfordshire''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*England
**Ashwell, Hertfordshire C9th. Tree of life design. (Letchworth Museum 1978.77) [https://northhertsmuseum.org/north-hertfordshire-museum/collections/object-details/547918/ North Hertfordshire Museum][http://www.dayofarchaeology.com/letchworth-museum-stories/ dayofarchaeology.com]
**Castor, Peterborough [CAMERON 2000:p.194 fig.258]
**Lincolnshire. Anglo-Scandinavian [HAMMOND 2010:p.80 fig.1.8.4-d]
<br>
== Borre Style 1 ==
== Borre Style 2 ==
'''Andrshchuk Type 3c'''<br>
''''Bird/Beast in Borre/Jelling/Mammen style''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-118]<br>
<br>
=== Borre Style 3 2a ===<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">R516.jpg|''Norway, Rörvik'' Hedeby Sword Chape Borre Bird.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''</gallery> '''Paulsen's Type I.1'''<br>''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Scandinavian Group''''<br>Paulsen lists a total of 12 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953:pp.17-21]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology*Denmark:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.272]'':*Hald, Ørslevkloster [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18] [PEDERSEN 2014B:cat.200 p.87, pl.28.5a] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.272]:*Bjergene, Ballerup (National Museum of Denmark NMD C34512) [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.272] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.50, p.268]:*Hareskovby, Sjaelland. [WOV 2003:cat.1118] ??? Not sure why this is not in Androshchuk? Mislabelled? *Norway:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.2,3; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5,6; p.272]'':*Rörvik. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T1503) [[:File:R516.jpg|R516]]. [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=T1503 www.unimus.no T1503] [RYGH 1885:R516] [GRIEG 1947:no.5; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.18]:*Kvalnes (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T2094) [GRIEG 1947:no.4; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] *Iceland:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.272]'':*Tannstadabakka. [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [WOV 2003:cat.7097] *Germany:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272]'':*Hedeby. [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272] *Sweden:''Paulsen lists 7 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.5-11; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 8 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7-14; p.272]'':*Peppinge, Valleberga, Skane. Bronze. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.18] [WOV 2003:p.1170] = Jelling ==Borre Style 2b ===<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">Gdynia-Oksywie Chape.jpg|''Poland, Gdynia-Oksywie''</gallery> '''Andrshchuk Type ? (Appendix Type 7)'''<br>Androshchuk dates this type to the c.1050-early 12th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-118]<br>Androshchuk lists a total of 6 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br>''NOTE: The chapes listed under Type 7 on page 275 bears no resemblance to the description of Type 7 as being "Urnes" on page 118. Androshchuk Type 7 description uses Paulsen's fig.184 [PAULSEN 1953:p.126] which Paulsen describes as "Gotland Runestone Animal Style." which contains 12 finds. It appears that there may be an error in Androshchuk regarding this type. For our purposes we're defining Andrshchuk Type 7 as listed on page 275.''<br>
<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Poland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.17; p.20]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.275]''
:*Gdynia-Oksywie [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [PAULSEN 1953:no.17; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.275]
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 4 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.13-16; p.20]; Androshchuk lists 4 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3-6; p.275]''
:*Linkuhnen, Grave 175 [PAULSEN 1953:no.13; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.275]
:*Lobertshoff [PAULSEN 1953:no.14; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.275]
:*Wiskiauten, Grave 170c [PAULSEN 1953:no.15; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.275]
:*Kathiten [PAULSEN 1953:no.16; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6; p.275]
<br>
A variation on this type only seemingly found in Poland is Janowski's type Ib2. Dated to 900-1025AD. [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [JANOWSKI 2007:p.157-159].<br>
<br>
==Borre Style 3==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Arb.5 8a.jpg|''Sweden, Birka''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.4'''<br>
''''Chapes with quadruped and Palmette motif''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 7 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953]:pp.54-55<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 4 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>
''''Borre interlaced Beast''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
Androshchuk lists a total of 10 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 5 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>
''''Single intertwined beast in Borre Style ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
NOTE: The example chape for Type 5 on page 117 appears in the appendix list as Type 4. The appendix Type 5 entries appear to be of type Paulsen I.1 - Variant.<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Belorussia
:*
*Iceland
:*Kirkjubolsdal [PAULSEN 1953:no.1 p.54] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3582 p.167] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.2 p.273]
*Sweden
:*Birka Grave 496 [ARBMAN 1940:pl.5 no.8] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4 p.54, fig.62] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.10 p.273]
:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.8 p.273]
:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.9 p.273]
*Finland
:* Kalmumäki [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.3 p.273]
:* [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.4 p.273]
*Latvia
:*Salaspils, Burg Holm (RDM 2301) [PAULSEN 1953:no.7 p.55] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.14] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5 p.273]
== Jelling Style 1==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
YM Scabbard Chape 1947.551.49 (7462).jpg|England, York
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.1'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Scandinavian group of the 10th century''''<br>
Paulsen breaks the total of 19 finds of this group into 2 sub groups: [PAULSEN 1953:pp.35-44]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 6a'''<br>
''''Single Beast in Jelling style''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
More usually found around the Baltic area. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980: cat.273.]. 19 examples found in 6 different countries (Denmark, Germany, Iceland, England, Sweden & Russia) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992].<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.273]''
:*York (Yorkshire Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:no.38, p.38] [ROESDAHL 1981:p.108 cat.YD41, p120] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.274] [WOV 2003:cat.3126] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3 p.275]
*Denmark
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.1,2; p.35]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.273]''
:*Selling Hedelod, Ødum, Jutland (National Museum of Denmark NMD C16418) [PAULSEN 1953:no.1, p.35] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.275] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.49, p.268]
:*Bornholm [PAULSEN 1953:no.2, p.35] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.275]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 0 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]''
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.4,5; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8,6a-9; p.273-274]''
:*Hafurbjarnarstodum. Gilded copper-alloy found with Petersen type S sword. AD 900–975 [GRIEG 1947:pl.XXVI.1] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.559 p.168] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273] [WOV 2003:cat.7091] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8; p.273]
:*Vestfirdir [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3048 p.146] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-9; p.274]
*Finland
:*Mäntsälä, Saari. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.275] [WOV 2003:cat.2808] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4 p.275]
:*Satakunta. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:217] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.276]
<br>
The similarity of the decoration with that of Oval Brooch type P57 has been noted by Paulsen [PAULSEN 1953], Wilson and Klindt-Jensen [WILSON & KLINDT-JENSEN 1966: 100-1] and Graham-Campbell [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273].<br>
<br>
== Jelling Style 2==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Gjermundbu chape.jpg|''Norway, Gjermundbu''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.2 'Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Swedish group of the 10th century''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 9 finds of this group. [PAULSEN 1953:pp.45-47]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 6b'''<br>
''''Two intertwined beasts in Jelling Style ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]''
:*Chatburn [EDWARDS 1998:p.28] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*Gjermundbu. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo C27317) [GRIEG 1947]:no.2; p.32] Found with a Petersen type S sword [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] [WOV 2003:cat.3044, 5765] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 5 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Finland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
==Bird (Falcon) Style==
Otherwise known as the 'Birka Bird'. Dated from late C9th to early C11th although at its most popular in the first half of the C10th. Hedenstierna Jonson identifies 67 finds spread mainly in Eastern Europe from Sweden to Byzantium [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006B:p.]
=== Bird (Falcon) Style 1===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Arb.5 7.jpg|''Norway''
L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|''France, L'lle de Groix''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type I.2a & I.2b'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>
Paulsen groups these into sub groups with a total of 9 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 3a'''<br>
''''bird''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*France
**[[:File:L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|L'Ile de Groix]]. [CHATELLIER & PONTOIS 1908] [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940] [GRIEG 1947: pl.XXVI.10] [WOV 2003:cat.5894]
*Norway
:*Maele, Gjerstad [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=B6983 B6983] [GRIEG 1947;no.3 p.32]
:*Hedmark [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=C31395b C31395b]
*Sweden
**Birka.
<br>
=== Bird (Falcon) Style 2===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type I.2c & I.2d'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>
Paulsen breaks this group into 2 sub groups with a total of 23 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 3b'''<br>
''''bird''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Sweden
**Astad, Öland. Eastern Influence 850AD – 950AD [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.442] [WOV 2003:cat.1909]
**Birka.
*Poland
**Wolin [WOV 2003:cat.986, 4555]
*Ukraine
**Kiev [WOV 2003:cat.4269]
<br>
The [http://travellingnorth.nl/home/blog/index.html travellingnorth.nl] blog has a good article about this kind of chape.<br>
<br>
== Eastern Style ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Hedeby Sword Chape Eastern.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*Germany
:*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum). Considered to be Eastern and was found in the harbour.[SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]
<!-- ==Eastern Styles==
<gallery>
File:Rucavas Lejas Chape.jpg|Janowski type V (Birds)
File:Myslecin Chape.jpg|Janowski type Va
File:Dabrowa Chape.jpg|Janowski type Vb
File:Gotland Chape.jpg|Janowski type VI (Gotland - Tree of Life)
</gallery>
<br> -->
== See Also ==
[[Sword Scabbards]]
== References ==
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:SwordsWeapons]]