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{{stars1|Category = Weapons}}
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{{Swords}}
<br>
== Introduction ==
This article is about metal fittings that were probably attached to [[Sword Scabbards]]. I understand that Peter Paulsen comprehensibly covered the subject of Viking sword scabbard chapes in 1953 in his book Schwertortbänder der Wikingerzeit[PAULSEN 1953]. Unfortunately More recently Androshchuk has published an updated typology and catalogue of 174 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]<br>This article is primarily concerned with Scandinavian and Western European Chape styles. Paulsen discuss a number of Eastern European styles that we do not have access to this volume and so have created our own typology as detailed belownot included here.<br>
<br>
== English Styles ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Ashwell.jpg|''England, Hertfordshire''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*England
**Ashwell, Hertfordshire C9th. Tree of life design. (Letchworth Museum 1978.77) [https://northhertsmuseum.org/north-hertfordshire-museum/collections/object-details/547918/ North Hertfordshire Museum][http://www.dayofarchaeology.com/letchworth-museum-stories/ dayofarchaeology.com]
**Castor, Peterborough [CAMERON 2000:p.194 fig.258]
**Lincolnshire. Anglo-Scandinavian [HAMMOND 2010:p.80 fig.1.8.4-d]
<br>
== Borre Style 1 ==
== Borre Style 2 ==
=== Borre Style 3 2a ===<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">R516.jpg|''Norway, Rörvik'' Hedeby Sword Chape Borre Bird.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''</gallery> '''Paulsen's Type I.1'''<br>''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Scandinavian Group''''<br>Paulsen lists a total of 12 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953:pp.17-21]<br>
<br>
*Norway:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.2,3; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5,6; p.272]'':*Rörvik. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T1503) [[:File:Wolin ChapeR516.jpg|thumb|100x150px|RightR516]]A variation on this type only seemingly found in Poland is Paulsen's type Ib2. Dated to 900-1025AD[http://www. unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=T1503 www.unimus.no T1503] [JANOWSKI 2006RYGH 1885:R516] [GRIEG 1947:no.5; p.18132] [JANOWSKI 2007PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.157-15918]:*Kvalnes (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T2094) [GRIEG 1947:no.4; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]
*Iceland
:**HafurbjarnastadirKirkjubolsdal [PAULSEN 1953:no. Gilded copper-alloy found with Petersen type S sword1 p. 900AD – 975AD 54] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980HAYEUR SMITH 2003:catno.3582 p.167] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.2 p.273] *Sweden:*Kirkjubolsdal Birka Grave 496 [Smith 2003ARBMAN 1940:pl.5 no.8] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4 p.16754, fig.62] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.10 p.273]:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.8 p.273]:*Vestfirdir [Smith 2003ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.9 p.146273]
*Finland
:**Saari. Copper-alloy Kalmumäki [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980ANDROSHCHUK 2014:catType 4 no.2753 p.273]:**Satakunta. [ROSEDHAL 1992ANDROSHCHUK 2014:217Type 4 no.4 p.273]
== Bird (Falcon) style Jelling Style 1==''Otherwise known as the 'Birka Bird'. Dated from late C9th to early C11th although at its most popular in the first half of the C10th. Found mainly in Eastern Europe from Sweden to Byzantium''[HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006b:p]{||- valign<gallery heights=170px mode="topPacked" idstyle="Jellingtext-align: left;">|width="100pt"| [[File:L'lle de Groix Sword YM Scabbard Chape1947.551.49 (7462).jpg|thumb|100x150px|left]]|width="600pt"| {{evidence|Art|Literature|Archaeology |Discusssion}}|}England, York
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 6a'''<br>
''''Single Beast in Jelling style''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
More usually found around the Baltic area. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980: cat.273.]. 19 examples found in 6 different countries (Denmark, Germany, Iceland, England, Sweden & Russia) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992].<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.273]''
:*York (Yorkshire Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:no.38, p.38] [ROESDAHL 1981:p.108 cat.YD41, p120] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.274] [WOV 2003:cat.3126] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3 p.275]
*Denmark
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.1,2; p.35]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.273]''
:*Selling Hedelod, Ødum, Jutland (National Museum of Denmark NMD C16418) [PAULSEN 1953:no.1, p.35] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.275] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.49, p.268]
:*Bornholm [PAULSEN 1953:no.2, p.35] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.275]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 0 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]''
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.4,5; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8,6a-9; p.273-274]''
:*Hafurbjarnarstodum. Gilded copper-alloy found with Petersen type S sword. AD 900–975 [GRIEG 1947:pl.XXVI.1] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.559 p.168] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273] [WOV 2003:cat.7091] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8; p.273]
:*Vestfirdir [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3048 p.146] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-9; p.274]
*Finland
:*Mäntsälä, Saari. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.275] [WOV 2003:cat.2808] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4 p.275]
:*Satakunta. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:217] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.276]
<br>
The similarity of the decoration with that of Oval Brooch type P57 has been noted by Paulsen [PAULSEN 1953], Wilson and Klindt-Jensen [WILSON & KLINDT-JENSEN 1966: 100-1] and Graham-Campbell [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273].<br>
<br>
== Jelling Style 2==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Gjermundbu chape.jpg|''Norway, Gjermundbu''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.2 'Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Swedish group of the 10th century''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 9 finds of this group. [PAULSEN 1953:pp.45-47]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 6b'''<br>
''''Two intertwined beasts in Jelling Style ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]''
:*Chatburn [EDWARDS 1998:p.28] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*Gjermundbu. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo C27317) [GRIEG 1947]:no.2; p.32] Found with a Petersen type S sword [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] [WOV 2003:cat.3044, 5765] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 5 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Finland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
==Bird (Falcon) Style==
Otherwise known as the 'Birka Bird'. Dated from late C9th to early C11th although at its most popular in the first half of the C10th. Hedenstierna Jonson identifies 67 finds spread mainly in Eastern Europe from Sweden to Byzantium [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006B:p.]
=== Bird (Falcon) Style 1===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Arb.5 7.jpg|''Norway''
L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|''France, L'lle de Groix''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type I.2a & I.2b'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>
Paulsen groups these into sub groups with a total of 9 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 3a'''<br>
''''bird''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*France
**[[:File:L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|L'Ile de Groix]]. [CHATELLIER & PONTOIS 1908] [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940] [GRIEG 1947: pl.XXVI.10] [WOV 2003:cat.5894]
*Norway
:*Maele, Gjerstad [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=B6983 B6983] [GRIEG 1947;no.3 p.32]
:*Hedmark [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=C31395b C31395b]
*Sweden
**Birka.
<br>
=== Bird (Falcon) Style 2===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type I.2c & I.2d'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>
Paulsen breaks this group into 2 sub groups with a total of 23 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 3b'''<br>
''''bird''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Sweden
**Astad, Öland. Eastern Influence 850AD – 950AD [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.442] [WOV 2003:cat.1909]
**Birka.
*Poland
**Wolin [WOV 2003:cat.986, 4555]
*Ukraine
**Kiev [WOV 2003:cat.4269]
<br>
The [http://travellingnorth.nl/home/blog/index.html travellingnorth.nl] blog has a good article about this kind of chape.<br>
<br>
== Eastern Style ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Hedeby Sword Chape Eastern.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*Germany
:*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum). Considered to be Eastern and was found in the harbour.[SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]
<!-- ==Eastern Styles==
<gallery>
File:Rucavas Lejas Chape.jpg|Janowski type V (Birds)
File:Myslecin Chape.jpg|Janowski type Va
File:Dabrowa Chape.jpg|Janowski type Vb
File:Gotland Chape.jpg|Janowski type VI (Gotland - Tree of Life)
</gallery>
<br> -->
== See Also ==
[[Sword Scabbards]]
== References ==
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:Weapons]]