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Banners
,{{Stars2|Category=Weapons}}
{{Spears}} Banners, standards, flags, gonfanon (gonfalon, guntfano) and pennons (pennants) were commonly adopted by the warriors of the 9th – 12th centuries. This article attempts to briefly outline what the authors currently know about the subject.<br>The style of banner stays surprisingly consistent from the 9th to the 12th centuries and across Western Europe. For this reason we’ve decided to look at all the evidence together rather than, as we usually do, break the evidence into English, Carolingian, etc.<br>
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===Pennons===
These are triangular flags or streamers.<br>
<galleryheights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">File:Banner BL Cotton Caligula A XV f123r Harley 603 1000-1025AD.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> BL Harley 603File:Banner BL Harley 603 1025-1050AD.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Harley 603File:Banner BL Harley 603 1050-1075AD.jpg | 1050-1075AD English <br> BL Harley 603File:Banner_BL_Cotton_Caligula_A_XV_f123r.jpg | c.1073AD English <br> BL Cotton Caligula A XV f123rFile:Banner BL Harley 603 1125-1150AD.jpg | 1125-1150AD English <br> BL Harley 603
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===Banners===
These are rectangular flags ending in ‘swallowtails’.<br>
====Before 1066AD====
<galleryheights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">File:Banner Leiden I Maccabees.jpg | 850-950AD Carolingian <br> Leiden I Maccabees f.15v & f.22rFile:Banner Brussels ms 10066-77.jpg| 900-1000AD Carolingian <br> Brussels ms 10066-77File:Banner Aachen Liuthar Gospels.jpg | 990AD Ottonian <br> Aachen Liuthar GospelsFile:Banner BL Egerton 3763.jpg| 998-1018AD Ottonian <br> BL Egerton 3763 f.112v & f.116vFile:Banner BL Add. 24199.jpg| 1000AD English <br> BL Add. 24199
File:Banner BL Vatican lat.12 f.37v.jpg | 1025-10505AD English <br> BL Vatican lat.12 f.37v
File:Banner BL Paris Lat. 8824 f.1v.jpg | 1025-10505AD English <br> Paris Lat. 8824 f.1v
File:Banner BL Cotton Tiberius C VI.jpg | 1050AD English <br> BL Cotton Tiberius C VI f.8v & f.9r
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====The Bayeux Tapestry====
[[File:Bayeux Tapestry Banners.jpg|thumb|180x150px280x250px|left]]
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====After 1066AD====
<galleryheights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">File:William Seal.jpg| 1066-1087 <br> Seal of William I (The conqueror)File:Seal William Rufus.jpg| 1087-1100 <br> Seal of William II (Rufus) File:Banner Dijon MS14 f.13v.jpg| 1109-1111AD French <br> Dijon MS14 f.13vFile:Banner Dijon MS173 f133v.jpg| 1101-1133 French <br> Dijon MS173 f133v 'Moralia in Job'File:Seal Henry I.jpg| 1100-1135AD English <br> Great Seal of Henry IFile:Banner Heildesheim St Albans Psalter 49.JPG| 1120-1145 <br> Heildesheim, St Albans PsalterFile:Seal King Alexander of Scotland.jpg| 1107-1124 <br> Seal of Alexander I of Scotland
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===Triangular Banners===
A type of banner supported by the banner pole and a horizontal beam and similar in shape to the Viking weather vanes.
<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
File:Banner Girona, Beatus Of Girona f.242r.jpg| 976AD <br> Girona, Beatus Of Girona f.242r
File:Banner Boulogne MS20 f.29v.jpg| 1000AD Ottonian <br> Boulogne MS20 f.29v
File:Banner Bayeux Tapestry 65a.jpg| c.1076AD <br> Bayeux Tapestry
File:Coin BM 1915,0507.767 Anlaf Guthfrithsson 939-941AD.jpg| 939-941AD <br> Anlaf Guthfrithsson, King of York
File:Coin Cnut.jpg| 1016-1035<br> Cnut, King of England
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==From Literature==
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==Late Roman Draco Standards== {{Quote|50evidence|Art =<gallery heights=150px mode="His glance too fell on a goldPacked" style="text-wove banneralign:left">File:Banner St. Gallen Cod.22 140.jpg | c.883-900AD Carolingian <br>St. Gallen Cod.22 140high o'er the hoard, of handiwork noblest,File:Banner Bayeux Tapestry 71a.jpg | c.1076AD English <br>Bayeux Tapestrybrilliantly broidered</gallery>|Literature =*About Witikind, an adversary of Charlemagne:<span style="font-style: italic; so bright its gleamcolor: green">"Hic arripiens signum quod apud eo habebatur sacrum,leonis atque draconis desuper aquilae volantis insignitum effigie ..."[OAKESHOTT 1960:p178]* Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum c.1129-c.1154.:AD 752 Battle of Burford:<brspan style="font-style: italic; color: green">“Ethelhun who led the West-Saxons, bearing the royal standard, a golden dragon, transfixed the standard-bearer of the enemy.” [BOHN 1853:p.130]|:AD 1016 Battle of Assandun:<span style="font-style: italic; color: green">“King Edmund distinguished himself for his valour. For perceiving that the Danes were fighting with more than ordinary vigour, he quitted his royal station which, as was wont, he had taken between the dragon and the ensign called the Standard,....” [FordhamBOHN 1853:p.edu194]|Archaeology |Discussion =
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The idea of a 'Dragon of Wessex' is an invention of E. A. Freeman in the C19th. [CHANEY 1970:p.128]<br>
Oakeshott refers to "... be the end would have been different. But Harold was struck, and cut down by a Norman sword when William's knights burst through the Huscarles to trample down the Dragon standard and Harold's banner of the Fighting Man." [OAKESHOTT 1960:p.180] but we are unable to find anything that this reference to a dragon standard could be based on.
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