Difference between revisions of "Amulets"

Latest revision as of 15:46, 17 December 2016

Amulets
Amulet Typology
Contents 1 Thor's Hammers 2 Valkyrie and other Human Amulets 3 Miniature Weapons 3.1 Miniature axes 3.2 Miniature spears 3.3 Miniature swords 4 Other animal figurines 5 Snake figurines (V/F) 6 Miniature shields (V/F) 7 Bowls, sieves and spoons 7.1 Bowls (V/F) 7.2 Sieves 7.3 Spoons 8 Chairs (V) 9 Miniature wheels (V) 10 Capsules and “scare-men” 11 Staff-rings 12 Miniature sickles and scythes 13 Crosses 14 Strike-a-lights 15 Legs 16 Lunulae 17 Anchors 18 Reference
Necklaces
► Necklace Images Amulets Pendants Thor's Hammers Valkyrie and other Human Amulets

Amulet Typology
More Necklaces pages

This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.

Viking Age Compendium articles on Necklaces:

Amulets

Viking Age Compendium articles on Necklaces:

Amulets

This article is primarily based on the work of:

Jensen, Bo (2010) Viking Age Amulets in Scandinavia and Western Europe.. British Archaeological Reports: BAR S2169

This article is primarily based on the work of:

Jensen, Bo (2010) Viking Age Amulets in Scandinavia and Western Europe.. British Archaeological Reports: BAR S2169

Amulets are classed as protective items and usually are in the shape of a specific object.
Pendants may or may not be protective items and are generally more stylistic or are items that have been repurposed.

Thor's Hammers

See main article: Thor's Hammers

England, Cuerdale
England, Norwich
England, Norwich
Norway
Sweden
England, Norwich
England, Norwich
Denmark, Hedeby
Denmark, Hedeby
Sweden

Valkyrie and other Human Amulets

See main article: Valkyrie and other Human Amulets

PAS
PAS
England, Norwich
Denmark, Hedeby
England, Norwich
PAS

Miniature Weapons

Miniature axes

Archaeology
Discussion

Miniature spears

Archaeology
Discussion

Miniature swords

Archaeology
Discussion

Other animal figurines

Archaeology
Discussion

Snake figurines (V/F)

Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]:p.37-39}

England, 1 find of jet
Ireland, 3 finds, 2 of wood, 1 of stone
Denmark, 4 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 2 of silver, 1 unknown, 1 from a woman’s grave
Norway, 4 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 1 of silver, 1 of gold, 1 of jet, 3 from women’s graves
Sweden, 3 finds of silver, 2 found in women’s graves

Discussion

Miniature shields (V/F)

Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]:p.49-51}

Denmark, 23 finds, 11 of copper alloy,11 of silver, 1 of unknown
Norway, 2 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 1 of silver, 1 from a woman’s grave
- Norway, Hedmark: Flagstad Parish Universitetsmuseene
Scania (Sweden), 4 finds of silver
Sweden, 38 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 37 of silver, 18 from women’s grave
Gotland (Sweden), 6 finds, 3 of copper alloy, 3 of silver [ARWIDSSON 1989: p.9-18]
Russia, 7 finds
Arland (Finland), 1 find

Discussion
Arwidsson has described the finds from Birka: 16 were found all of silver. 15 from women’s graves and one from a child’s grave. Dated to the mid C10th to mid C11th. 8 were found between oval brooches and 5 as part of bead necklaces. They seem to be a Swedish / Danish item and are interpreted as symbolic miniature shields always with a clockwise whorl. Some even have signs that the makers have tried to incorporate a shield grip on the reverse. [ARWIDSSON 1989: p.9-18] ^{[ARBMAN 1940]:pl.97}

Birka Gr.954
Birka Gr.817

Bowls, sieves and spoons

Bowls (V/F)

Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]}

Denmark, 2 finds of silver, 1 from a woman’s grave
Norway, 8 finds of gold all from Hoen hoard
Sweden, 12 finds, 10 of silver, 2 of lead, 9 from women’s graves
Gotland, 2 finds of silver

Discussion

Sieves

Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]}

Norway, 4 finds, 3 of gold from the Hoen hoard, 1 of silver
Sweden, 1 find of silver
Gotland, 5 finds, 2 of copper alloy, 3 of silver

Discussion

Spoons

Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]}

Gotland, 2 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 1 of silver

Discussion

Chairs (V)

Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]:p.58-61}

Denmark, 4 finds of silver, 2 found in woman’s graves, C10th
- Gravlev sogn. Silver, Hoard ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.115}
- Bornholms amt. Silver, Hoards ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.181}
- Års sogn. Silver, Hoard ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.206}
- Nørre Onsild sogn. Silver, Woman's grave. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.207}
Germany
- Hedeby. Silver, grave. ^{[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:cat. 187}
Gotland, 6 finds, 2 of copper alloy, 2 of silver, 2 of amber, 1 from a male grave, c.1000AD
- Fölhagen, Björke. SHM 3547. Silver, Hoard. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.465} ^{[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:cat.143} ^{[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980]:cat.521} ^{[WOV 2003]:cat.753}
- Fölhagen, Björke. SHM 3547. Silver, Hoard. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.1377} ^{[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]:cat.143}
- Hellvi. SHM 22917. Amber, grave. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.499}
- Grötlingbo. SHM 32181. Amber, grave. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.1629} Found in head region. Bhr 1966:08. ^{[RUNDKVIST 2003]:p.186}
- Hejnum. SHM 876. Copper Alloy, grave. Lost? ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.1410}
- Sanda. SHM 21187. Copper Alloy, stray. Part of an amulet set of a horse, sword, spear, chair & shield. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.1846}
Sweden, 5 finds, 4 of silver, 3 from women’s graves, c.750-975AD
- Edsberg. Silver, hoard ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.570}
- Birka. SHM 34000. Silver, grave Bj.968 ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.847} ^{[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980]:cat.520} ^{[WOV 2003]:cat.5288} ^{[ARBMAN 1940]:Taf.92.14} (SHM Online) (Birka Burials Online)
- Birka. SHM 34000. Silver, grave Bj.844 ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.829} (Birka Burials Online)
- Birka. SHM 34000. Silver, grave Bj.632. Part of a Treasure Necklace. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.798} (Birka Burials Online)
- Langlöt. Amber, grave ^{[JENSEN 2010]:cat.1331}

Discussion

Miniature wheels (V)

Silver or copper alloy
Archaeology
^{[JENSEN 2010]:p.63}

Denmark, 4 finds of copper alloy, 750-1100AD
Skane, 1 find of silver, C10th
Norway, 2 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 1 of silver, C10th
Sweden, 3 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 2 of silver, 2 found in women’s graves, 750-975AD

Discussion
Dated by Jensen to 900-950AD. ^{[JENSEN 2010]:p.63}

Capsules and “scare-men”

Archaeology
Discussion

Staff-rings

Archaeology
Discussion

Miniature sickles and scythes

Archaeology
Discussion

Crosses

Archaeology
Discussion

Denmark, Hedeby
Denmark, Hedeby
Denmark, Hedeby

Strike-a-lights

Archaeology
Discussion
[ROESDAHL & WILSON: 1992]

Legs

Archaeology
Discussion

Denmark, Hedeby

Lunulae

Archaeology
Discussion

Anchors

Shaped as an anchor. All are made from lead.
Archaeology

10 from Hedeby, unknown date but must be between 806-1066AD
1 from York, after 860AD

Discussion
Jensen makes a case for this style of pendent being a Hedeby local tradition. ^{[JENSEN 2010]}

Denmark, Hedeby

Reference

Arbman, Holger (1940) Birka 1 Die Graber: Tafeln. [The Graves: Plates] Birka, Kungliga Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien ^{[ARBMAN 1940] ^} ¹ ² *

Graham-Campbell, James (ed.) (1980) Viking Artefacts, A Select Catalogue. British Museum Publications ^{[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980] ^} ¹ ² *

Jensen, Bo (2010) Viking Age Amulets in Scandinavia and Western Europe.. British Archaeological Reports: BAR S2169 ^{[JENSEN 2010] ^} ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹ ²² ²³ ²⁴ *

Portable Antiquities Scheme http://finds.org.uk ^[PAS] *

Roesdahl, Else, and Wilson, David M. (eds.) (1992) From Viking to Crusader, The Scandinavians and Europe 800-1200. Nordic Council of Ministers. ^{[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] ^} ¹ ² ³ *

^{[RUNDKVIST 2003] ^} *

Council of Europe (2003) World of the Vikings. CD-ROM. Alive Learning Ltd. ^{[WOV 2003] ^} ¹ ² *

[JENSEN 2010]

[ARBMAN 1940]

[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]

[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980]

[WOV 2003]

[RUNDKVIST 2003]

[ARBMAN 1940]

2

[GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980]

2

[JENSEN 2010]

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

[ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992]

2

3

[RUNDKVIST 2003]

[WOV 2003]

2

Difference between revisions of "Amulets"

Latest revision as of 15:46, 17 December 2016

Contents

Thor's Hammers

Valkyrie and other Human Amulets

Miniature Weapons

Miniature axes

Miniature spears

Miniature swords

Other animal figurines

Snake figurines (V/F)

Miniature shields (V/F)

Bowls, sieves and spoons

Bowls (V/F)

Sieves

Spoons

Chairs (V)

Miniature wheels (V)

Capsules and “scare-men”

Staff-rings

Miniature sickles and scythes

Crosses

Strike-a-lights

Legs

Lunulae

Anchors

Reference

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Sections

Navigation

Tools

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Stars1|Category = Necklaces}}
+{{Stars2|Category = Necklaces|Typology = Amulet Typology|TypologyFile = Amulets.png}}
+{{Necklace}}
+{{MajorRef|Jensen 2010}}
+Amulets are classed as protective items and usually are in the shape of a specific object.<br>
+[[Pendants]] may or may not be protective items and are generally more stylistic or are items that have been repurposed. <br>
 ==Thor's Hammers==
-[[Thor's Hammers]]<br>
+See main article: [[Thor's Hammers]]<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Ha85.jpg|England, Cuerdale
+Norwich-Thors Hammer-3.JPG|England, Norwich
+Norwich-Thors Hammer-4-7.JPG|England, Norwich
+R679.jpg|Norway
+M624.JPG|Sweden
+Norwich-Thors Hammer-1.JPG|England, Norwich
+Norwich-Thors Hammer-2.JPG|England, Norwich
+Hedeby Thors hammer.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+Hedeby_Amber_Thors_hammer.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+M626.jpg|Sweden
+</gallery>
 <br>
 ==Valkyrie and other Human Amulets ==
-[[Valkyrie and other Human Amulets]]<br>
+See main article: [[Valkyrie and other Human Amulets]]<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+PAS_Valkyrie_LEIC-C58A13.jpg|PAS
+PAS_Valkyrie_SF9305.jpg|PAS
+Norwich-Valkyrie-1.JPG|England, Norwich
+Hedeby_Brooch_Valkeyrie.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+Norwich-Valkyrie-2.JPG|England, Norwich
+PAS_Valkyrie_SF10754.jpg|PAS
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 14: / Line 39: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 19: / Line 46: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 24: / Line 53: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Hedeby_Amulet_Sword.JPG
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 29: / Line 61: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
-==Snake figurines [V/F]==
+==Snake figurines ([[V]]/[[F]])==
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010, p.37-39)
+[JENSEN 2010: p.37-39]
 * England, 1 find of jet
 * Ireland, 3 finds, 2 of wood, 1 of stone
@@ Line 41: / Line 75: @@
 * Sweden, 3 finds of silver, 2 found in women’s graves
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+R690.jpg
+</gallery>
 <br>
-==Miniature shields [V/F]==
+==Miniature shields ([[V]]/[[F]])==
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010, p.49-51)
+[JENSEN 2010: p.49-51]
 * Denmark, 23 finds, 11 of copper alloy,11 of silver, 1 of unknown
 * Norway, 2 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 1 of silver, 1 from a woman’s grave
+** Norway, Hedmark: Flagstad Parish [http://www.unimus.no/artefacts/khm/86370/?f=html Universitetsmuseene]
 * Scania (Sweden), 4 finds of silver
 * Sweden, 38 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 37 of silver, 18 from women’s grave
-* Gotland (Sweden), 6 finds, 3 of copper alloy, 3 of silver (ARWIDSSON 1989, p.9-18)
+* Gotland (Sweden), 6 finds, 3 of copper alloy, 3 of silver [ARWIDSSON 1989: p.9-18]
 * Russia, 7 finds
 * Arland (Finland), 1 find
 '''Discussion'''<br>
-Arwidsson has described the finds from Birka: 16 were found all of silver. 15 from women’s graves and one from a child’s grave. Dated to the mid C10th to mid C11th. 8 were found between oval brooches and 5 as part of bead necklaces. They seem to be a Swedish / Danish item and are interpreted as symbolic miniature shields always with a clockwise whorl.  Some even have signs that the makers have tried to incorporate a shield grip on the reverse. (ARWIDSSON 1989, p.9-18) (ARBMAN 1940, pl.97)<br>
+Arwidsson has described the finds from Birka: 16 were found all of silver. 15 from women’s graves and one from a child’s grave. Dated to the mid C10th to mid C11th. 8 were found between oval brooches and 5 as part of bead necklaces. They seem to be a Swedish / Danish item and are interpreted as symbolic miniature shields always with a clockwise whorl.  Some even have signs that the makers have tried to incorporate a shield grip on the reverse. [ARWIDSSON 1989: p.9-18] [ARBMAN 1940: pl.97]<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Birka_shield_amulet_Gr.954.jpg|Birka Gr.954
+Birka_shield_amulet_Gr.817.jpg|Birka Gr.817
+</gallery>
 <br>
 ==Bowls, sieves and spoons==
-===Bowls [V/F]===
+===Bowls ([[V]]/[[F]])===
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010)
+[JENSEN 2010]
 * Denmark, 2 finds of silver, 1 from a woman’s grave
 * Norway, 8 finds of gold all from Hoen hoard
@@ Line 69: / Line 111: @@
 * Gotland, 2 finds of silver
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 74: / Line 118: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010)
+[JENSEN 2010]
 * Norway, 4 finds, 3 of gold from the Hoen hoard, 1 of silver
 * Sweden, 1 find of silver
 * Gotland, 5 finds, 2 of copper alloy, 3 of silver
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 84: / Line 130: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010)
+[JENSEN 2010]
 * Gotland, 2 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 1 of silver
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
-==Chairs [V]==
+==Chairs ([[V]])==
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010, p.58-61)
+[JENSEN 2010: p.58-61]
-* Denmark, 5 finds of silver, 2 found in woman’s graves, C10th
+* Denmark, 4 finds of silver, 2 found in woman’s graves, C10th
+** Gravlev sogn. Silver, Hoard [JENSEN 2010:cat.115]
+** Bornholms amt. Silver, Hoards [JENSEN 2010:cat.181]
+** Års sogn. Silver, Hoard [JENSEN 2010:cat.206]
+** Nørre Onsild sogn. Silver, Woman's grave. [JENSEN 2010:cat.207]
+*Germany
+** Hedeby. Silver, grave. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat. 187]
 * Gotland, 6 finds, 2 of copper alloy, 2 of silver, 2 of amber, 1 from a male grave, c.1000AD
+** Fölhagen, Björke. SHM 3547. Silver, Hoard. [JENSEN 2010:cat.465] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.143] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.521] [WOV 2003:cat.753]
+** Fölhagen, Björke. SHM 3547. Silver, Hoard. [JENSEN 2010:cat.1377] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.143]
+** Hellvi. SHM 22917. Amber, grave. [JENSEN 2010:cat.499]
+** Grötlingbo. SHM 32181. Amber, grave. [JENSEN 2010:cat.1629] Found in head region. Bhr 1966:08. [RUNDKVIST 2003:p.186]
+** Hejnum. SHM 876. Copper Alloy, grave. Lost? [JENSEN 2010:cat.1410]
+** Sanda. SHM 21187. Copper Alloy, stray. Part of an amulet set of a horse, sword, spear, chair & shield. [JENSEN 2010:cat.1846]
 * Sweden, 5 finds, 4 of silver, 3 from women’s graves, c.750-975AD
+** Edsberg. Silver, hoard [JENSEN 2010:cat.570]
+** Birka. SHM 34000. Silver, grave Bj.968 [JENSEN 2010:cat.847] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.520] [WOV 2003:cat.5288] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf.92.14] [http://www.historiska.se/historia/manadensforemal/2008/Sejdhallen---en-biljett-till-varlden/ (SHM Online)] [http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/kontext.asp?kid=1152 (Birka Burials Online)]
+** Birka. SHM 34000. Silver, grave Bj.844 [JENSEN 2010:cat.829] [http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/kontext.asp?kid=1033 (Birka Burials Online)]
+** Birka. SHM 34000. Silver, grave Bj.632. Part of a [[Treasure Necklaces|Treasure Necklace]]. [JENSEN 2010:cat.798] [http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/kontext.asp?kid=834 (Birka Burials Online)]
+** Langlöt. Amber, grave [JENSEN 2010:cat.1331]
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Hedeby_Amulet_Chair_1.JPG
+</gallery>
 <br>
-==Miniature wheels [V]==
+==Miniature wheels ([[V]])==
 Silver or copper alloy<br>
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
-(JENSEN 2010, p.63)
+[JENSEN 2010: p.63]
 * Denmark, 4 finds of copper alloy, 750-1100AD
 * Skane, 1 find of silver, C10th
@@ Line 108: / Line 176: @@
 * Sweden, 3 finds, 1 of copper alloy, 2 of silver, 2 found in women’s graves, 750-975AD
 '''Discussion'''<br>
-Dated by Jensen to 900-950AD. (JENSEN 2010, p.63)<br>
+Dated by Jensen to 900-950AD. [JENSEN 2010: p.63]<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 115: / Line 185: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 121: / Line 193: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 127: / Line 201: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 133: / Line 209: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Hedeby_Cross_1.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+Hedeby_Cross_2.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+Hedeby_Cross_3.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 139: / Line 220: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
-(ROESDAHL and WILSON, From Viking to Crusader, The Scandinavians and Europe 800-1200 1992)
+[ROESDAHL & WILSON: 1992]
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 146: / Line 229: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Hedeby Amulet Amber Leg.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 152: / Line 238: @@
 '''Archaeology'''<br>
 '''Discussion'''<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+</gallery>
 <br>
@@ Line 160: / Line 248: @@
 * 1 from York, after 860AD
 '''Discussion'''<br>
-Jensen makes a case for this style of pendent being a Hedeby local tradition. (JENSEN 2010)<br>
+Jensen makes a case for this style of pendent being a Hedeby local tradition. [JENSEN 2010]<br>
+<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
+Hedeby_Amulet_Anchor.JPG|Denmark, Hedeby
+</gallery>
 <br>
 ==Reference==
-<nocite>
+{{Ref|Arbman 1940}}
-JENSEN2010
+{{Ref|Graham-Campbell 1980}}
-PAS
+{{Ref|Jensen 2010}}
-</nocite>
+{{Ref|PAS}}
-<biblio force=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio>
+{{Ref|Roesdahl & Wilson 1992}}
+{{Ref|Rundkvist 2003}}
+{{Ref|WOV 2003}}
 <HarvardReferences />