Changes
/* Arrows Typologies */
*Flat-nock. The simplest style but also the most dangerous. This can only be used on very low poundage bows. for crossbows
*Self-nock. The most common form of nock, being quick and easy to make as well as much safer than using a flat-nocked arrow.
*Brass nocks. These are very rare, having been found in only 2 locations. They are made from cast brass. These arrows were more likely to have been used for hunting rather than battle.[PEDERSEN 2014APedersen 2014a:p.96] :* Old Denmark, Hedeby. Boat grave with at least 9 arrows with inserted brass nocks. The grave was dated to <><> and is thought to have been that of a King, possibly <><>. [PEDERSEN 2014APedersen 2014a:p.96] [PEDERSEN 2014BPedersen 2014b:p.104, 153 cat.372] :* Germany, Oldenburg. 2 brass nocks were found of similar form to those from Hedeby and dated to the C9th. [PEDERSEN 2014APedersen 2014a:p.96]
<br>
The arrow shaft just below the nock was often bound with twine (sinew or hemp) to help stop the arrow shaft from splitting.
Flights were usually attached to the arrow shaft by twine although sometimes they were simply glued to the arrow shaft using a glue such as birch tar (Hedeby & Snohetta, Norway). The most common twine used seems to have been of sinew.
*Sinew
:*Oppdal, Norway, dated 400-600AD, on pine shafts (Halpin) or birch (Roesdahl & Wilson) along with resin glue [HALPIN Halpin 2008]:p.47 [ROESDAHL Roesdahl & WILSON Wilson 1992]:p.249 cat.88. Used for hunting.:*Femund, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [ROESDAHL Roesdahl & WILSON Wilson 1992]:p.249 cat.88:*Nydam used birch tar and sinew whipping [BISHOP Bishop & COULSTON Coulston 2006]:p.206
*Horse hair
*Linen
====Tanged arrow heads====
* Sinew and tar
** Femund, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [ROESDAHL Roesdahl & WILSON Wilson 1992:p.249 cat.88]
*Brass wire:
** Hedeby. Paulsen mentions the use of brass wire to reinforce the tanged arrow heads at Hedeby. [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]<br>
=== Decoration ===
Roman examples from Duro Europos show black and red paint on the nocks, [BISHOP Bishop & COULSTON Coulston 2006:p.167-168]. Similar painted nocks can also be seen on arrows found at Qasr Ibrim, Nahal Tse’elim as well as Asian arrows. [BROWN Brown 2007 B] 36 arrows with red paint on their shafts where found in the late C5th grave at Högum, Medelpad, Sweden. [RAU Rau 2007:p.143]<br>
It is possible that the nocks of arrows in the Viking Age could also have been painted to assist in identification.<br>
<br>
* Bodkin. These are used purely for war as they are less efficient at killing unarmed warriors or animals than the broad-bladed leaf or shouldered arrow heads. They were absent in Regia’s early periods and only start to appear from around AD 960 onwards. Very quickly becoming the dominant form from then on. Bodkin heads are designed to split open mail shirts and are used by archaeologists as an indicator as to the amount of volume of armoured warriors. Some bodkins could be quite long, with an extreme example being a 23cm long bodkin having been found from C13th Dublin).
<br>
There is no easy way to categorise broad-headed arrow heads into leaf-shaped or shouldered (angular) shapes. Many arrowheads do not easily fall into either category. [HALPIN Halpin 2008:p.81-85]. Leaf shaped and tanged very common in Scandinavia [OTTAWAY Ottaway 1992:p.711]. Later C11th appears an abrupt change to socketed elongated tapering heads (bodkins). [OTTAWAY Ottaway 1992:p.714]<br>
<br>
As well as these common forms we have evidence for many other types of arrow heads:<br>
<br>
Many of these are regional or period specific.<br>
<br>
===Arrows Typologies===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Description
!Viking Age<br>Comp.
!England<br>[Jessop 1996]
!York<br>[Ottaway 1992]
!Dublin<br>[Halpin 2008]
!Hedeby<br>[Paulsen 1999]<br>[Schietzel 2014]
!Norway<br>[Rygh 1885]
!Kaupang<br>[Skre 2006]
!Birka<br>[Wegraeus 1986]
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Total No.<br>of Arrows
| <!-- VAC -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York --> 26
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl -->
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> 89?
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug --> >68?
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> 450
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Leaf<br>Unstepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''1/- (LU)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl -->
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R537.jpg|20px|R537]] [[File:R540.jpg|20px|R540]] [[File:R541.jpg|20px|R541]]<br> R537/R540/R541
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug --> [x6 R540]
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Leaf<br>Stepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''1/A (LT)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng --> '''T1'''<br>(9th-11th)
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York --> '''A''' [x13]
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''1'''<br>(AD 900-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x34]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R536.jpg|20px|R536]] [[File:R539.jpg|20px|R539]]<br> R536/R539
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug --> [x44 R539]
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> '''A1''' / '''A2'''<br>[x292 A1] [x113 A2]
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Angular<br>Stepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''1/A (AT)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''1'''<br>(AD 900-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x6]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R538.jpg|20px|R538]] [[File:R548.jpg|20px|R548]]<br> R538/R548
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Offset Blades<br>Stepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''1/C (OT)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''1'''<br>(AD 900-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x3]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R543.jpg|20px|R543]] [[File:R544.jpg|20px|R544]]<br> R543/R544
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> '''C'''
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Leaf<br>Socket
| <!-- VAC --> '''2/A (LS)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York --> [x1]
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''2'''<Br>(AD 950-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x2]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R535.jpg|20px|R535]]<br>R535
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug --> [x2 R535]
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Angular<br>Socket
| <!-- VAC --> '''2/A (AS)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng --> '''MP5'''<br>(late C11th)
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''2'''<br>(AD 950-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x4]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Triangular<br>Stepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''3/B (TT)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''3'''<br>(AD 1000-1100)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x2]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> '''B'''
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Triangular Barbed<br>Stepped Tang
| <!-- VAC --> '''3a/B (TbT)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''3A'''<br>(AD 1000-1100)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x2]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Triangular<br>Socket
| <!-- VAC --> '''4/- (TS)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng --> '''MP1''' '''MP3'''<br>(10th-16th)
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''4'''<br>(AD 1000-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Triangular<br>Barbed<br>Socket
| <!-- VAC --> '''4a/- (TbS)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng --> '''MP2'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''4A'''<br>(AD 1000-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x1]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Small Head<br>Long Stems<br>Stepped Tang
| <!-- VAC --> '''5/- (ST)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''5'''
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x5]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Small Head<br>Long Stems<br>Socket
| <!-- VAC --> '''5/- (SS)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''5'''<br>(AD 1050-1200+)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x1]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Bodkin<br>Tri-blade<br>Stepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''6/D (B3T)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''6 / 6A / 6B'''<br>(AD 975-1200)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x2]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R546.jpg|20px|R546]]<br> R546
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> '''D1'''<br>[x41 D1]
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Bodkin<br>Square<br>Stepped Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''6/D (B4T)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''6 / 6A / 6B'''<br>(AD 975-1200)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x9]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R542.jpg|20px|R542]]<br> R542
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug --> [x1 D2]
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> '''D2'''<br>[x2 D2]
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Bodkin<br>Socket
| <!-- VAC --> '''7/D (BS)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl --> '''7'''<br>(AD 975-1200)
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> [x9]
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R545.jpg|20px|R545]][[File:R549.jpg|20px|R549]]<br> R545/R549
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug --> [x2 R545]
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Flat<br>Tanged
| <!-- VAC --> '''-/E (FT)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl -->
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh --> [[File:R551.jpg|20px|R551]]<br> R551
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk --> '''E1/E2'''<br>[x2 E1]
|-
| <!-- Desc --> Blunt
| <!-- VAC --> '''-/- (B)'''
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- Eng -->
|style="background-color: #FFF8DC;"| <!-- York -->
|style="background-color: #C6E0B4;"| <!-- Dubl -->
|style="background-color: #B4C6E7;"| <!-- Hede --> Y
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Rygh -->
|style="background-color: #F8CBAD;"| <!-- Kaug -->
|style="background-color: #FFE699;"| <!-- Birk -->
|}
=== Tanged Arrows - leaf or shouldered ===
''Usually a ‘leaf-shaped’ or lentoid blade usually with a diamond shaped cross-section.'' <br>
The arrowhead is glued into a hole drilled in to the end of the arrow shaft by its tang. The end of the arrow shaft is then often reinforced with a sleeve of wood or bark, or by whipping linen or more rarely brass wire around the shaft. [HALPIN Halpin 2008:p.66-70]<br> '''Archaeology'''<br>* York, England C9th – C11th [OTTAWAY 1992: p.710] 14 finds; length:102-155mm;width:10-21mm* Sonning, C10th/C11th [OTTAWAY 1992: p.710] 3 finds?* Walton, Bucks, England* Carlisle Cathedral, England* Norwich, England* Dublin, Ireland* Lagore Crannog, Ireland* Hedeby, Denmark* Ladby Ship, Denmark* Arhus, Denmark* Trelleborg, Denmark* Oppdalsfjella, Norway* Kaupang, Norway* Birka, Sweden* Loddekopinge, Sweden* Lund, Sweden
<br>
=== Socketed Arrows - shouldered or leaf ===
''Usually a shouldered blade usually with a diamond shaped cross-section. The arrowhead is attached to the end of the arrow shaft by means of gluing the socket.''<br>
<br>
=== Bodkin heads ===
<br>
Although the Roman’s had bodkin arrow heads they seem to have gone out of fashion in England until the C10th. <br>
=== Notched blade ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* Rundhogda, Norway c.800-1000AD [ROESDAHL Roesdahl & WILSON Wilson 1992:p.249 cat.88]
'''Discussion'''<br>
For hunting birds such as woodcock or grouse. The notched blade prevents the arrow from glancing off the birds feathers. [ROESDAHL Roesdahl & WILSON Wilson 1992:p.249 cat.88]<br>
<br>
== References==
{{Ref|Bishop & Coulston 2006|x}}{{Ref|Brown 2007 b|x}}{{Ref|Jessop 1996|x}}{{Ref|Halpin 2008|x}}{{Ref|Lindbom 2009|x}}
{{Ref|Manley 1985|x}}
{{Ref|Ottaway 1992|x}}{{Ref|Pedersen 2014a|x}}{{Ref|Pedersen 2014b|x}}{{Ref|Paulsen 1999|x}}{{Ref|Rau 2007|x}}{{Ref|Roesdahl & Wilson 1992|x}}{{Ref|Rygh 1885|x}}{{Ref|Schietzel 2014|x}}{{Ref|Skre 2006|x}}{{Ref|Wegraeus 1986|x}}
<HarvardReferences />
