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== Arrow heads ==
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=== Arrow head development ===
There is no easy way to categorise broad-headed arrow heads into leaf-shaped or shouldered (angular) shapes. Many arrowheads do not easily fall into either category. [HALPIN 2008:p.81-85]. Leaf shaped and tanged very common in Scandinavia [OTTAWAY 1992:p.711]. Later C11th appears an abrupt change to socketed elongated tapering heads (bodkins). [OTTAWAY 1992:p.714]
* Femund, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
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=== Flights ===
'''Art'''<br>
Taken from the pinion feathers of large birds such as eagles, geese or swans and glued using birch tar [PAULSEN 1999]. Arrows from the Viking Age seen to use the traditional three feather style.<br>
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=== Whipping ===
''Thread wrapped around the nock and flights of the arrow shaft.''
All are self-nocks or flat nocks. No evidence of horn inserts. Most are whipped to help strengthen. <br>
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=== Brass or bone nocks ===
Sweden? Denmark?<br>
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=== Decoration ===
Roman examples from Duro Europos show black and red paint on the nocks, [BISHOP and COULSTON 1994]. Similar painted nocks can also be seen on arrows found at Qasr Ibrim, Nahal Tse’elim as well as Asian arrows. [BROWN 2007] <br>
It is possible that the nocks of arrows in the Viking Age could also have been painted to assist in identification.<br>
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== References==
<nocite>
BISHOP1994
BROWN2007
HALPIN2008
OTTAWAY1992
PAULSEN1999
ROESDAHL1992
</nocite>
<biblio force=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio>
<HarvardReferences />
