** Oppdal, Norway, dated 400-600AD, on pine shafts (Halpin) or birch (Roesdahl & Wilson) along with resin glue [HALPIN 2008:p.47] [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]. Used for hunting.
** Femund, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
** Nydam used birch tar and sinew whipping [BISHOP and COULSTON 19942006:p.206]
* Horse hair:<br>
** Roman Dura-Europos?
=== Decoration ===
Roman examples from Duro Europos show black and red paint on the nocks, [BISHOP and COULSTON 19942006:p.167-168]. Similar painted nocks can also be seen on arrows found at Qasr Ibrim, Nahal Tse’elim as well as Asian arrows. [BROWN P 2007] <br>
It is possible that the nocks of arrows in the Viking Age could also have been painted to assist in identification.<br>
<br>
== References==
<nocite>
BISHOP1994BISHOP2006BROWN2007BROWNp2007
HALPIN2008
OTTAWAY1992