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== Arrow heads ==
=== Arrow head development ===
There is no easy way to categorise broad-headed arrow heads into leaf-shaped or shouldered (angular) shapes. Many arrowheads do not easily fall into either category. [HALPIN 2008:p.81-85]. Leaf shaped and tanged very common in Scandinavia [OTTAWAY 1992:p.711]. Later C11th appears an abrupt change to socketed elongated tapering heads (bodkins). [OTTAWAY 1992:p.714]
=== Tanged Arrows - leaf or shouldered ===
''Usually a ‘leaf-shaped’ or lentoid blade usually with a diamond shaped cross-section.'' <br>
The arrowhead is glued into a hole drilled in to the end of the arrow shaft by its tang. The end of the arrow shaft is then often reinforced with a sleeve of wood or bark, or by whipping linen or more rarely brass wire around the shaft. [HALPIN 2008:p.66-70]
<br>
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* York, England C9th – C11th (OTTAWAY 1992, p.710) 14 finds; length:102-155mm;width:10-21mm
* Sonning, C10th/C11th (OTTAWAY 1992, p.710) 3 finds?
* Walton, Bucks, England
* Carlisle Cathedral, England
* Norwich, England
* Dublin, Ireland
* Lagore Crannog, Ireland
* Hedeby, Denmark
* Ladby Ship, Denmark
* Arhus, Denmark
* Trelleborg, Denmark
* Oppdalsfjella, Norway
* Kaupang, Norway
* Birka, Sweden
* Loddekopinge, Sweden
* Lund, Sweden
<br>
=== Socketed Arrows - shouldered or leaf ===
''Usually a shouldered blade usually with a diamond shaped cross-section. The arrowhead is attached to the end of the arrow shaft by means of gluing the socket.''<br>
'''Art'''<br>
--<br>
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* Thetford, England (OTTAWAY 1992, p.710) 2 leaf shapped heads
* Dublin, Ireland
<br>
=== Bodkin heads ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* Dublin, Ireland Late C10th/C11th (HALPIN 2008, p.169) 54% of heads
* Trellborg, Denmark C11th (HALPIN 2008, p.169) 56% of the arrows
* Staigard/Oldenburg, Germany C11th (HALPIN 2008, p.169) majority of heads
'''Discussion'''<br>
A range of sites across Northern Europe show comparable evidence for a shift towards bodkins in the second half of the C10th. It has been argued that this may reflect the emergence of the armoured and mounted aristocratic warriors. [HALPIN 2008:p.169]<br>
<br>
Although the Roman’s had bodkin arrow heads they seem to have gone out of fashion in England until the C10th. <br>
<br>
=== Notched blade ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* Rundhogda, Norway c.800-1000AD [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
'''Discussion'''<br>
For hunting birds such as woodcock or grouse. The notched blade prevents the arrow from glancing off the birds feathers. [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
<br>
== Arrows shafts and flights ==
=== Shafts ===
'''Art'''<br>
'''Literature'''<br>
'''Archeology'''<br>
* Dublin, Scots pine, willow and yew
* Waterford
* Scar
* Hedeby, Yew
* Birka.
* Oppdal, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged leaf shaped head. Traces of resin from holding the flights [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
* Femund, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
<br>
=== Flights ===
'''Art'''<br>
--<br>
'''Literature'''<br>
--<br>
'''Archeology'''<br>
Taken from the pinion feathers of large birds such as eagles, geese or swans and glued using birch tar [PAULSEN 1999]. Arrows from the Viking Age seen to use the traditional three feather style.<br>
<br>
=== Whipping ===
Whipping seems to have normally been done around at least the nock. Other places are before the flight, spiralled through the flight and optionally around the head end to strengthen a tanged arrow head. <br>
'''Art'''<br>
--<br>
'''Literature'''<br>
--<br>
'''Archeology'''<br>
<br>
''Sinew:''<br>
* Oppdal, Norway, dated 400-600AD, on pine shafts (Halpin) or birch (Roesdahl & Wilson) along with resin glue [HALPIN 2008:p.47] [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]. Used for hunting.
* Femund, Norway, 800-1000AD, birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992:p.249 cat.88]
* Nydam used birch tar and sinew whipping [BISHOP and COULSTON 1994:p.206]
<br>
''Horse hair:''<br>
* Roman Dura-Europos?
<br>
''Linen:''<br>
--<br>
<br>
''Brass wire:''<br>
* Hedeby. Paulsen mentions the use of brass wire to reinforce the tanged arrow heads at Hedeby. [PAULSEN 1999]<br>
<br>
=== Self-nocks ===
'''Art'''<br>
--<br>
'''Literature'''<br>
--<br>
'''Archeology'''<br>
* Snohetta, Norway, birch shaft with tanged leaf shaped head. Traces of resin from holding the flights [ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992: p.249 cat.88]
<br>
'''Discussion'''<br>
All are self-nocks or flat nocks. No evidence of horn inserts. Most are whipped to help strengthen. <br>
<br>
=== Brass or bone nocks ===
Sweden? Denmark?<br>
<br>
=== Decoration ===
Roman examples from Duro Europos show black and red paint on the nocks, [BISHOP and COULSTON 1994]. Similar painted nocks can also be seen on arrows found at Qasr Ibrim, Nahal Tse’elim as well as Asian arrows. [BROWN 2007] <br>
It is possible that the nocks of arrows in the Viking Age could also have been painted to assist in identification.<br>
<br>
== References==
* [*BISHOP and COULSTON 1994] Bishop, M. C., and J.C.N. Coulston. Roman Military Equipment. Batsford Ltd, 1994.
* [*BROWN 2007] Brown, Paul. Romanarmy.net - Roman Arrows. 2007. http://www.romanarmy.net/arrows.htm.
* [*HALPIN 2008] Halpin, Andrew. Weapons and Warfare in Viking and Medieval Dublin. National Museum of Ireland, 2008.
* [*OTTAWAY 1992] Ottaway, Patrick. Anglo-Scandinavian Ironwork from Coppergate. York Archaeological Trust, 1992.
* [*PAULSEN 1999] Paulsen, Peter. Alamannische Adelsgräber von Niederstotzingen, Kreis Heidenheim. Müller u. Gräff in Kommission, 1967.
* [*ROESDAHL and WILSON 1992] Roesdahl, Else, and David M. WILSON. From Viking to Crusader, The Scandinavians and Europe 800-1200. Nordic Council of Ministers, 1992.
<HarvardReferences />