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Banners, standards, flags, gonfanon (guntfano) and pennons (pennants) were commonly adopted by the warriors of the 9th – 12th centuries. This article attempts to briefly outline what the authors currently know about the subject.<br>The style of banner stays surprisingly consistent from the 9th to the 12th centuries and across Western Europe. For this reason we’ve decided to look at all the evidence together rather than, as we usually do, break the evidence into English, Carolingian, etc.<br>
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===Capitulary of Charles the Bald, 843-877AD===
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:<span style="font-style: italic; color: green">“Let our envoys (missi nostril) see that the troops of every bishop, abbot, and abbess, march forth properly equipped, and with their Gonfalonier (cum Guntfannonario).” [Hewitt HEWITT 1885: p.166]
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"Hic arripiens signum quod apud eo habebatur sacrum, leonis atque draconis desuper aquilae volantis insignitum effigie ..."
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About Witikind, an adversary of Charlemagne. [Oakshott 1963OAKSHOTT 1960:p178]
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"... be the end would have been different. But Harold was struck, and cut down by a Norman sword when William's knights burst through the Huscarles to trample down the Dragon standard and Harold's banner of the Fighting Man." [Oakshott 1963OAKSHOTT 1960:p.180] <br>==References== <nocite>BACON1914GUMMERE1910HEWITT1885OAKSHOTT1960SELLAR1907SWANTON1996TAYLOR1837 </nocite><biblio force=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio><HarvardReferences />
