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Banners, standards, flags, gonfanon (gonfalon, guntfano) and pennons (pennants) were commonly adopted by the warriors of the 9th – 12th centuries. This article attempts to briefly outline what the authors currently know about the subject. The style of banner stays surprisingly consistent from the 9th to the 12th centuries and across Western Europe. For this reason we’ve decided to look at all the evidence together rather than, as we usually do, break the evidence into English, Carolingian, etc.<br>
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===The Song of Roland, 1040-115AD [BACON 1914] LEONABD BACON 1914===
*Verse 4
:<span style="font-style: italic; color: green">"And Geoffrey of Anjou, the bearer of the King's gonfalon" [BACON 1914]
