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Banners from Literature

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This article ~~lists extracts~~ contains quotes from ~~all of the~~ primary sources that mention banners. It is not complete and additional quotes will be added as discovered. Also see: [[Banners]] for an overview of Anglo-Saxon, Viking and Norman banners.

==Bede – Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 731AD==

*

:"His [King Edwin] dignity was so great throughout his dominions, that not only were '''his banners borne before him in battle''', but even in time of peace, when he rode about his cities, townships, or provinces, with his thegns, '''the standard-bearer was always wont to go before him'''. Also, when he walked anywhere along the streets, that sort of '''banner ''' which the Romans call Tufa, and the English, Thuuf, was in like manner borne before him." [SELLAR 1907]

* Osthryth, queen of the Mercians

:"...that there might be a perpetual memorial of the royal character of this holy man [King Oswald], they hung up over the monument his '''banner of gold and purple'''." [SELLAR 1907]

==Capitulary of Charles the Bald, 843-877AD==

*

:“Let our envoys (missi nostril) see that the troops of every bishop, abbot, and abbess, march forth properly equipped, and with their '''Gonfalonier ''' (cum Guntfannonario).” [HEWITT 1885: p.166] ==Annals of St-Bertin c.882AD ==[NELSON 1991] ==Annals of Fulda c.900AD ==[REUTER 2012]

==The Song of Roland, 1040-115AD==

*Verse 4

:"And Geoffrey of Anjou, the bearer of the King's '''gonfalon'''" [BACON 1914]

*Verse 33

:"Through Cerdagne, and through the valleys and the mountains they marched on,

:Until of the French army they saw the '''gonfalon'''.

:Where all the twelve companions with the French rear-guard

:King Marsile will not tarry till he have joined the fray" [BACON 1914]

*Verse 39

:"They held Valentian lances, and shield on shoulder wore.

:'''White and blue and vermilion were the gonfalons they bore'''." [BACON 1914]

*Verse 59

:"Then '''an embroidered banner ''' he gave unto Grandoign

:To lead his men against the Franks that battle they might join.

:And therewithal was given to Grandoign the whole command." [BACON 1914]

*Verse 125

:"And onwards Geoffrey of Anjou bore the great '''Oriflame ''' —

:Because it was Saint Peter's, it bore the Roman name." [BACON 1914]

:Note: Oriflame was the name of Charlemagne's banner

*Verse 137

:"Right through the Prince's body his '''golden banner ''' bore.

:He smote him dead seven hundred of his servitors before." [BACON 1914]

*Verse 142

:"Ogier the Dane and Charlemagne well the great strokes laid on,

:And Neimes and Geoffrey of Anjou that bore the '''gonfalon'''.

:Ogier the Dane in all things a hero good was he.

:He spurred the steed beneath him, and let him gallop free.

:On him who bore the Dragon he let drive a buffet dread.

:Down to the earth before him he hurled Lord Amboire dead.

:And the '''banner of King Baligant ''' in that hour came to ground.

:And Baligant beheld it fall, and the ensign of Mahound

:Without a man to guard it. In his heart he saw it plain

==Bishop Guy of Amiens, The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio c.1067 ==

(Song of the Battle of Hastings)

:"On the highest point of the summit he planted his '''banner''', and ordered his '''other standards ''' to be set up." [MORILLO:p.47] The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations edited by Stephen Morillo

==William of Jumièges, Gesta Normannorum Ducum c.1070AD==

(Deeds of the Dukes of the Normans)

:"Ragnar Lothbroc saga: Ragnar Lothbroc got a magic shirt from his wife Aslaug and his daughters are said to have woven a magic raven banner" - GET SOURCE [Anglo-Norman Studies VI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1983 edited by Reginald Allen Brown: p.116]

==William of Poitiers, The Deeds of William, Duke of Normandy and King of England c.1071AD ==

(Gesta Willelmi ducis Normannorum et regis Anglorum)

:"The duke therefore sought the favour of this apostle for the project he had in hand, and gladly received from him the gift of a banner as a pledge of the support of St Peter whereby he might the more confidently and safely attack his enemy." [DOUGLAS 1981: p.227]

English Historical Documents, 1042-1189 edited by David Charles Douglas, George William Greenaway

:"He then advanced in good order with the papal banner which had been granted to him bourne aloft at the head of his troops." [DOUGLAS 1981 :p.233]

English Historical Documents, 1042-1189 edited by David Charles Douglas, George William Greenaway

Apparently mentions the fighting man standard being sent to Rome. - GET SOURCE

==William of Malmesbury, Chronicle of the Kings of England c.1125AD==

(Gesta Regum Anglorum)

*:“The king himself on foot, stood with his brother, near the '''standard'''; in order that, while all shared equal danger, none might think of retreating. This '''standard ''' William sent, after the victory, to the pope; it was '''sumptuously embroidered, with gold and precious stones, in the form of a man fighting'''.” [GILES 1847:p.276]

==Master Wace, The Chronicle of the Norman Conquest c.1174==

(Roman de Rou)

*~~Line 11~~CHAPTER XIV.HOW THE ENGLISH CONSULTED,~~450~~AND WENT TO MEET THE NORMAN HOST; AND :“HAROLD AND GURTH WENT FORTH TO RECONNOITRE.So he would not be detained, but set out from London, leading his men forward armed for the fight, till he erected his standard and fixed his gonfanon right where THE ABBEY OF THE BATTLE is now built. There he said he would defend himself against whoever should seek him. p.143 * CHAPTER XVII, WHO WAS CHOSEN TO BEAR THE DUKE's GONFANON IN THE BATTLE p.168:~~“When~~ “The duke called a serving man, and ordered him to bring forth the gonfanon which the pope had sent him; and he who bore it having unfolded it, the duke took it, reared it, and called to Raol de Conches; "Bear my gonfanon," said he, "for I would not but do you right; by right and by ancestry your line are standard bearers of Normandy, and very good knights have they all been." "Many thanks to you," said Raol, "for acknowledging our right; but by my faith, the gonfanon shall not this day be borne by me. To-day I claim quittance of the service, for I would serve you in other guise. I will go with you into the battle, and will fight the English as long as life shall last, and know that my hand will be worth any twenty of such men." :Then the duke turned another way, and called to him Galtier Giffart. "Do thou take this gonfanon," said he, "and bear it in the battle." But Galtier Giffart answered, "Sire, for God's mercy look at my white and bald head; my strength has fallen away, and my breath become shorter. The standard should be borne by one who can endure long labour; I shall be in the battle, and you have not any man who will serve you more truly; I will strike with my sword till it shall be died in your enemies' blood." :Then the duke said fiercely, "By the splendour of God, my lords, I think you mean to betray and fail me in this great need." "Sire," said Giffart, "not so! we have done no treason, nor do I refuse from any felony towards you; but I have to lead a great chivalry, both soldiers and the men of my fief. Never had I such good means of serving you as I now have; and if God please, I will serve you: if need be, I will die for you, and will give my own heart for yours." :"By my faith," quoth the duke, "I always loved thee, and now I love thee more; if I survive this day, thou shalt be the better for it all thy days." Then he called out a knight, whom he had heard much praised, Tosteins Fitz Rou le blanc[6], by name, whose abode was at Bec-en-Caux[7]. To him he delivered the gonfanon; and Tosteins took it right cheerfully, and bowed low to him in thanks, and bore it gallantly, and with good heart. His kindred still have quittance of all service for their inheritance[Pg 171] on that account, and their heirs are entitled so to hold their inheritance for ever. * CHAPTER XVIII, HOW THE MEN OF ENGLAND MADE HEADY, AND WHO THEY WERE:The right of the men of London is to guard the king's body, to place themselves around him, and to guard his standard; and they were accordingly placed by the standard, to watch and defend it.<br:When Harold had made all ready, and given his orders, he came into the midst of the English, and dismounted by the side of the standard, Leofwin and Gurth, his brothers, were with him; and around him he had barons enough, as he stood by his gonfanon, which was in truth a noble one, sparkling with gold and precious stones. After the victory William sent it to the apostle, to prove and commemorate his great conquest and ~~glory.”~~ glory” [TAYLOR 1837:p.177] * CHAPTER XIX. HOW THE THREE NORMAN COMPANIES MOVED ON TO ATTACK THE ENGLISH.Then his brother Gurth drew near, and they placed themselves by the standard; each praying God to protect them. p.184 * CHAPTER XXIII. THE ROLL OF THE NORMAN LORDS CONTINUED.:The Normans drew their swords and hewed down the barricades, and the English in great trouble fell back upon their standard, where were collected the maimed and wounded. p.235 :Robert Fitz Erneis[55] fixed his lance, took his[Pg 240] shield, and galloping towards the standard with his keen-edged sword, struck an Englishman who was in front, killed him, and then drawing back his sword, attacked many others, and pushed straight for the standard, trying to beat it down; but the English surrounded it, and killed him with their bills. He was found on the spot, when they afterwards[Pg 241] sought for him, dead, and lying at the standard's foot.p.240 * CHAPTER XXIV. WHAT DEEDS OF ARMS DUKE WILLIAM DID; AND HOW HAROLD WAS SLAIN AND THE ENGLISH FLED. Duke William pressed close upon the English with his lance; striving hard to reach the standard with the great troop he led; and seeking earnestly for Harold, on whose acconnt the whole war was. p.249 And now the Normans had pressed on so far, that at last they reached the standard[3]. There Harold had remained, defending himself to the utmost; but he was sorely wounded in his eye by the arrow, and suffered grievous pain from the blow. An armed man came in the throng of the battle, and struck him on the ventaille of his helmet, and beat him to the ground; and as he sought to recover himself, a knight beat him down again, striking him on the thick of his thigh, down to the bone.p.252 The standard was beaten down, the golden gonfanon was taken, and Harold and the best of his friends were slain; but there was so much eagerness, and throng of so many around, seeking to kill him, that I know not who it was that slew him. The English were in great trouble at having lost their king, and at the duke's having conquered and beat down the standard; but they still fought on, and defended themselves long, and in fact till the day drew to a close. Then it clearly appeared to all that the standard was lost, and the news had spread throughout the army that Harold, for certain,[Pg 255] was dead; and all saw that there was no longer any hope, so they left the field, and those fled who could p.254 Then he returned thanks to God, and in his pride ordered his gonfanon to be brought and set up on high, where the English standard had stood; and that was the signal of his having conquered, and beaten down the standard. And he ordered his tent to be raised on the spot among the dead, and had his meat brought thither, and his supper prepared there. p.256

:“L’apostoile li otreia, un gonfanon li enveia, un gonfanon et un anel, mult precios e riche e bel; si come it dit, desoz la pierre, aveit un des cheveuls Saint Pierre”[MICHEL 1836: p.147] Charlemagne: An Anglo-Norman Poem of the Twelfth Century edited by Francisque Michel 1836

(The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway)

* Saga of King Harald Grafeld and of Earl Hakon Son of Sigurd

:"The sharp bow-shooter on the sea :Spread wide his fleet, for well loved he :The battle storm: well loved the earl :His '''battle-banner to unfurl''', :O'er the well-trampled battle-field :He raised the red-moon of his shield; :And often dared King Eirik's son

:To try the fray with the Earl Hakon." [LAING 1844]

* Harald Harfager's Saga

:The forecastle men were picked men, for they had the '''king's banner'''." [LAING 1907]

:* OF ULF AND HALDOR.

::"When Harald came to the castle gate his '''standard-bearer ''' fell, and Harald said to Haldor, "Do thou take up the '''banner ''' now." Haldor took up the '''banner''', and said foolishly, "Who will carry the '''banner ''' before thee, if thou followest it so timidly as thou hast done for a while?" But these were words more of anger than of truth; for Harald was one of the boldest of men under arms." [LAING 1907]

:* BATTLE AT A FOURTH CASTLE.

::"The coffin was borne high in the air, and over it was a tent of costly linen and before it were carried '''many banners'''." [LAING 1907]

:* TREATY BETWEEN HARALD AND SVEIN BROKEN.

* The Ynglinga Saga

:* OF KING HAKE

:"There was a great battle, in which King Hake went forward so bravely that he killed all who were nearest to him, and at last killed King Eric, and cut down the '''banner''' of the two brothers."

:* OF EGIL AND TUNNE

* King Olaf Trygvason's Saga

:* BATTLE WITH THE JOMSBORG VIKINGS

:"Earl Sigvalde's banner was displayed in the midst of his army, and right against it Earl Hakon arranged his force for attack."[LAING 1844]

:* THE THRONDHJEM PEOPLE BAPTIZED.

:"But as Skegge was killed, there was no leader in the bondes' army to raise the '''banner''' against King Olaf; so they took the other condition, to surrender to the king's will and obey his order.[LAING 1844]

:* CREW ON BOARD OF THE LONG SERPENT.

:"Ulf the Red was the name of the man who bore King Olaf's '''banner,''' and was in the forecastle of the Long Serpent; and with him was Kolbjorn the marshal, Thorstein Uxafot, and Vikar of Tiundaland, a brother of Arnliot Gelline."[LAING 1844]

:* OF KING OLAF.

:"When King Olaf saw that the scattered forces of the enemy gathered themselves together under the '''banners''' of their ships, he asked, "Who is the chief of the force right opposite to us?""[LAING 1844]

* Saga of Olaf Haraldson

:* OF THE FEAST

:"As they rode up to the house, and were near the room, they saw on the other side of the house the '''banners''' of Olaf coming waving; and there was he himself, with about 100 men all well equipped."[LAING 1844]

:* OF THE BATTLE AT NESJAR.

:"He had a white banner on which was a serpent figured. but when they saw the king's fleet coming they began to bind the ships together, to set up their '''banners''', and to make ready for the fight."[LAING 1844]

:* EARL SVEIN'S FLIGHT.

:"Their banner was brought up to the ship that was nearest the earl's, and the king himself followed the banner. So says

:Sigvat: --

:"`On with the king!' his banners waving: :`On with the king!' the spears he's braving! :`On, steel-clad men! and storm the deck, :Slippery with blood and strewed with wreck. :A different work ye have to share, :His banner in war-storm to bear, :From your fair girl's, who round the hall :Brings the full mead-bowl to us all.'" [LAING 1844]

:* MURDER OF OLAF'S COURT-MEN.

:There were twelve of Hrorek's men there, and among them Sigurd Hit, who had been his banner-man, and also little Fin."[LAING 1844]

:* OF THE BAPTISM OF THE VAGABOND FOREST-MEN

:The king then took them into the troop of his court-men, and said they should fight under his banner in the battle."[LAING 1844]

:* KING OLAF'S SPEECH.

:I will let my banner go forward in the middle of the army, and my-court-men, and pursuivants shall follow it, together with the war forces that joined us from the Uplands, and also those who may come to us here in the Throndhjem land. On the right hand of my banner shall be Dag Hringson, with all the men he brought to our aid; and he shall have the second banner. And on the left hand of our line shall the men be whom the Swedish king gave us, together with all the people who came to us in Sweden; and they shall have the third banner.

:Now let the men divide themselves into separate flocks, and then each flock into ranks; then let each man observe well his proper place, and take notice what banner he is drawn up under."[LAING 1844]

:* OF KING OLAF'S SKALDS.

:Thormod replies, "It may be, sire, that ye now require prayers most; but it would be thin around the banner-staff if all thy court-men were now on the way to Rome."[LAING 1844]

:* KING OLAF COMES TO STIKLESTAD

:Then he placed his army in battle array, and raised his banner. Dag was not yet arrived with his men, so that his wing of the battle array was wanting. Then the king said the Upland men should go forward in their place, and raise their banner there."[LAING 1844]

:* THORD FOLASON.

:Thord Folason carried King Olaf's banner. So says Sigvat the skald, in the death-song which he composed about King Olaf, and put together according to resurrection saga: --

:"Thord. I have heard, by Olaf's side, :Where raged the battle's wildest tide, :Moved on, and, as by one accord :Moved with them every heart and sword. :The banner of the king on high, :Floating all splendid in the sky :From golden shaft, aloft he bore, -- :The Norsemen's rallying-point of yore." [LAING 1844]

:* KING OLAF'S DREAM.

:There a slumber came upon him, and he slept a little while; but at the same time the bondes' army was seen advancing with raised banners, and the multitude of these was very great.[LAING 1844]

:* OF ARNLJOT GELLINE'S BAPTISM

:Thereupon Arnljot was baptized. The king taught him so much of the holy faith as appeared to him needful, and placed him in the front rank of the order of battle, in advance of his banner, where also Gauka-Thorer and Afrafaste, with their men, were.[LAING 1844]

:* OF THE LENDERMEN

:Thorer replies thus to his speech: "I do not confide in myself so much as to raise the banner against King Olaf, or, as chief, to lead on this army;[LAING 1844]

:* KALF ARNASON'S SPEECH

:Will ye now adopt my proposal -- then shalt thou, friend Thorer, and thou, Harek, go under the banner which we will all of us raise up, and then follow. [LAING 1844]

:* HOW THE LENDERMEN SET UP THEIR BANNERS.

:"Kalf Arnason then raised his banner, and drew up his house-servants along with Harek of Thjotta and his men. Thorer Hund, with his troop, was at the head of the order of battle in front of the banner; and on both sides of Thorer was a chosen body of bondes, all of them the most active and best armed in the forces. This part of the array was long and thick, and in it were drawn up the Throndhjem people and the Halogalanders. On the right wing was another array; and on the left of the main array were drawn up the men from Rogaland, Hordaland, the Fjord districts, and Scgn, and they had the third banner."[LAING 1844]

:* OF THE PREPARATIONS OF THE BONDES.

:"When the bondes' men and array were drawn up the lendermen addressed the men, and ordered them to take notice of the place to which each man belonged, under which banner each should be, who there were in front of the banner, who were his side-men, and that they should be brisk and quick in taking up their places in the array; for the army had still to go a long way, and the array might be broken in the course of march. Then they encouraged the people; and Kalf invited all the men who had any injury to avenge on King Olaf to place themselves under the banner which wasadvancing against King Olaf's own banner. They should remember the distress he had brought upon them; and, he said, never was there a better opportunity to avenge their grievances, and to free themselves from the yoke and slavery he had imposed on them. "Let him," says he, "be held a useless coward who does not fight this day boldly; and they are not innocents who are opposed to you, but people who will not spare you if ye spare them."[LAING 1844]

:* OF THE KING'S AND THE BONDES' ARMIES.

:"Thereafter the bondes' army advanced to Stiklestad, where King Olaf was already with his people. Kalf and Harek went in front, at the head of the army under their banners."[LAING 1844]

:* BEGINNING OF THE BATTLE OF STIKLESTAD.

::"Now came Thorer Hund, went forward in front of the banner with his troop, and called out, "Forward, forward, bondemen!"

::"Midst in their line their banner flies,

::Thither the stoutest bonde hies:

::Where the king's banner flamed in air.

::The king beneath his banner stands,

::And there the battle he commands." [LAING 1844]

:* 239. THORGEIR OF KVISTSTAD'S FALL::"At the same instant Thord stuckthe banner-pole so fast in the earth that it remained standing.Thord had got his death-wound, and fell beneath the banner. At the same time Dag Hringson came up with his people, and began to put his men in array, and to set up his banner; but on account of the darkness the onset could not go on so briskly, for they could not see exactly whom they had before them." [LAING 1844]

At :* 240. KING OLAF'S FALL.::"Warrior! who Olaf dared withstand, ::Who against Olaf held the ~~same time Dag Hringson came up with his people~~land, ~~and began~~ ~~to put his men in array~~::Thou hast withstood the bravest, ~~and~~ best, ::Who e'er has gone to ~~set up~~ his ~~banner; but on account~~long rest. of ::At Stiklestad thou wast the ~~darkness the onset could not go~~ head; ::With flying banners onwards led ::Thy bonde troops, and still fought on ~~so briskly~~, ~~for they~~ ~~could not see exactly whom they had before them~~::Until he fell -- the much-mourned one." [LAING 1844]

:* 241. BEGINNING OF DAG HRINGSON'S ATTACK.

::" There a great number of the bondes fell, and these lendermen, Erlend of Gerde and Aslak of Finey; and the banner also which they had stood under was cut down." [LAING 1844]

~~240~~:* 246. ~~KING OLAF'S FALL~~OF THORMOD KOLBRUNARSKALD.::" Thormod Kolbrunarskald was under King Olaf ~~dared withstand,~~ ~~Who against Olaf held~~ 's banner in the ~~land~~battle; but when the king had fallen, ~~Thou hast withstood~~ the ~~bravest, best,~~ ~~Who e~~battle was raging so that of the king'~~er has gone to his long rest.~~ ~~At Stiklestad thou wast~~ s men the ~~head;~~ ~~With flying banners onwards led~~ ~~Thy bonde troops~~one fell by the side of the other, and ~~still fought~~ the most of those who stood on, ~~Until he fell -- the much-mourned one~~their legs were wounded."[LAING 1844]

* Saga of Magnus the Good

:* 32. SVEIN'S FLIGHT

::"Spattered with mud from heel to head,

::Our gallant lord his true men led.

::Will Lund's earl halt his hasty flight,

::And try on land another fight?

::His banner yesterday was seen,

::The sand-bills and green trees between,

::Through moss and mire to the strand,

::In arrow flight, leaving the land." [LAING 1844]

~~241. BEGINNING OF DAG HRINGSON'S ATTACK.There a great number of the bondes fell,and these lendermen, Erlend of Gerde and Aslak of Finey; and thebanner also which they had stood under was cut down.~~ ~~246. OF THORMOD KOLBRUNARSKALD.Thormod Kolbrunarskald was under King Olaf's banner in thebattle; but when the king had fallen, the battle was raging sothat of the king's men the one fell by the side of the other, andthe most of those who stood on their legs were wounded.~~ ~~Saga of Magnus the Good32. SVEIN'S FLIGHT"Spattered with mud from heel to head,~~ ~~Our gallant lord his true men led.~~ ~~Will Lund's earl halt his hasty flight,~~ ~~And try on land another fight?~~ ~~His banner yesterday was seen,~~ ~~The sand-bills and green trees between,~~ ~~Through moss and mire to the strand,~~ ~~In arrow flight, leaving the land."~~ :* 34. BATTLE AT HELGANES::"And now the Norsemen storm along, ::Following their banner in a throng: ::King Magnus' banner flames on high, ::A star to guide our roaming by. ::To Lund, o'er Scania's peaceful field, ::My shoulder bore my useless shield; ::A fairer land, a better road, ::As friend or foe, I never trod." ::Across Fiona's moor again, ::The paths late trodden by our men ::We tread once more, until quite near, ::Through morning mist, the foes appear. ::Then up our numerous banners flare ::In the cold early morning air; ::And they from Magnus' power who fly ::Cannot this quick war-work deny." ~~35. OF KING MAGNUS'S CAMPAIGN."To fair Fiona's grassy shore~~ ~~His banner now again he bore:~~ ~~He who the mail-shirt's linked chains~~ ~~Severs, and all its lustre stains, --~~ ~~He will be long remembered there,~~ ~~The warrior in his twentieth year,~~ ~~Whom their black ravens from afar~~ ~~Saluted as he went to war."~~ ~~Magnus Barefoot's Saga~~ ~~27. FALL OF KING MAGNUSThe king answered, "Call all the men together with the war-hornsunder the banner, and the men who are here shall make a rampartwith their shields, and thus we will retreat backwards out of themires; and we will clear ourselves fast enough when we get uponfirm ground."~~ ~~Vidkun Jonson instantly killed the man who hadgiven the king his death-wound, and fled, after having receivedthree wounds; but brought the king's banner and the sword Legbitto the ships.~~ ~~Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille~~ ~~2. OF THE FORCES OF HARALD AND MAGNUS.Then the war-horns sounded, and all Harald's men went out fromthe house to an enclosed field, and set up their banners. KingHarald had on two shirts of ring-mail, but his brother Kristrodhad no armour on; and a gallant man he was.~~ [LAING 1844]

12:* 35. OF KING MAGNUS ~~THE BLIND~~'S CAMPAIGN.~~On Hlesey~~::"To fair Fiona's ~~plain the foe must quail~~grassy shore ~~'Fore him~~ ::His banner now again he bore: ::He who ~~dyes their shirts of~~ the mail. ~~His storm~~-~~stretched banner o~~shirt'~~er his head~~s linked chains ~~Flies straight~~::Severs, and ~~fills the foe with dread~~all its lustre stains, -- ::He will be long remembered there, ::The warrior in his twentieth year, ::Whom their black ravens from afar ::Saluted as he went to war." [LAING 1844]

* Magnus Barefoot's Saga ~~of Sigurd~~:* 27. FALL OF KING MAGNUS::The king answered, ~~Inge~~"Call all the men together with the war-horns under the banner, and ~~Eystein,~~ the ~~Sons~~ men who are here shall make a rampart with their shields, and thus we will retreat backwards out of ~~Harald~~the mires; and we will clear ourselves fast enough when we get upon firm ground." ::Vidkun Jonson instantly killed the man who had given the king his death-wound, and fled, after having received three wounds; but brought the king's banner and the sword Legbitto the ships. [LAING 1844]

* Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille:* 2. OF ~~SIGURD SLEMBIDJAKN~~THE FORCES OF HARALD AND MAGNUS.~~It is related that Thjostolf Alason carried KingInge in his belt as long as~~ ::Then the ~~battle lasted~~war-horns sounded, and ~~stood under~~all Harald's men went out from the ~~banner~~house to an enclosed field, and set up their banners. King Harald had on two shirts of ring-mail, but his brother Kristrod had no armour on; and a gallant man he was. [LAING 1844]

27:* 12. OF ~~GREGORIUS DAGSON~~MAGNUS THE BLIND.~~It is true that there is but little help in thee on account~~ ::On Hlesey's plain the foe must quail ::'Fore him who dyes their shirts of ~~thy ill health, but I should think thy will should not be less to hold thy hand~~mail. ~~over thy friends, and I am now quite ready to go from hence to~~::His storm-stretched banner o'er his head ~~meet Sigurd~~::Flies straight, and ~~my banner is flying in~~ fills the ~~yard~~foe with dread." [LAING 1844]

* Saga of ~~Hakon Herdebreid ("Hakon~~ Sigurd, Inge, and Eystein, the ~~Broad~~Sons of Harald:* 2. OF SIGURD SLEMBIDJAKN::It is related that Thjostolf Alason carried King Inge in his belt as long as the battle lasted, and stood under the banner [LAING 1844]

3:* 27. ~~KING HAKON'S FLIGHT~~OF GREGORIUS DAGSON~~There the man who carried his banner was slain,just as he was going to step~~ ::It is true that there is but little help in thee on ~~shore. Gregorius ordered Hal, ason~~ account of ~~Audun Halson~~thy ill health, but I should think thy will should not be less to ~~take up the banner~~hold thy hand over thy friends, ~~which he did~~and I am now quite ready to go from hence to meet Sigurd, and~~bore the~~ my banner ~~up to~~ is flying in the ~~pier~~yard." [LAING 1844]

11* Saga of Hakon Herdebreid ("Hakon the Broad-Shouldered"):* 3. KING HAKON'S FLIGHT~~Thereupon he ordered~~ ::There the man who carried his banner was slain, just as he was going to ~~be set~~ step on shore. Gregorius ordered Hal, a son of Audun Halson, to take upthe banner, which~~was done;~~ he did, and ~~they rowed across~~ bore the banner up to the ~~river~~pier. [LAING 1844]

14:* 11. ~~OF THE FALL OF GREGORIUS DAGSON~~KING HAKON'S FLIGHT~~Then~~ ::Thereupon he ordered ~~the~~ his banner to be ~~advanced~~set up, which was done; and~~immediately went out on the ice with~~ they rowed across the ~~men~~river. [LAING 1844]

18:* 14. ~~KING INGE'S~~ OF THE FALLOF GREGORIUS DAGSON~~An assault was made against King Inge's~~ ::Then he ordered the bannerto be advanced, and ~~in this conflictKing Inge fell; but his brother Orm continued the battle, whilemany of~~ immediately went out on the ~~army fled up into~~ ice with the ~~town~~men.[LAING 1844]

~~Magnus Erlingson~~:* 18. KING INGE'S FALL::An assault was made against King Inge's ~~Saga~~banner, and in this conflict King Inge fell; but his brother Orm continued the battle, while many of the army fled up into the town. [LAING 1844]

* Magnus Erlingson's Saga:* 10. EARL SIGURD'S CONDEMNATION::The people of Viken were very friendly to Erling andKing Magnus, principally from the popularity of the late KingInge Haraldson; for the Viken people had always served under hisbanner.[LAING 1844]

:* 13. OF EARL SIGURD'S BATTLE ARRAY::We have a good battle-field. Let themcross the bridge; but as soon as the banner comes over it let usthen rush down the hill upon them, and none desert hisneighbour."[LAING 1844]

:* 14. EARL SIGURD'S FALL::They first used spears then edge weapons; and the earl's banner soonretired so far back, that Erling and his men scaled the ridge[LAING 1844]

:* 42. THE FALL OF KING EYSTEIN.::Then the Birkebeins' banner was cut down; those whowere nearest gave way and some took to flight[LAING 1844]

==References==

BACON1914

BROWN1983

DOUGLAS1981

GILES1847

GUMMERE1910

HEWITT1885

LAING1844

LAING1907

OAKESHOTT1960

MORILLO

NELSON1991

REUTER2012

SELLAR1907

SWANTON2000

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