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==William of Poitiers, The Deeds of William, Duke of Normandy and King of England c.1071AD ==

(Gesta Willelmi ducis Normannorum et regis Anglorum)

:"The duke therefore sought the favour of this apostle for the project he had in hand, and gladly received from him the gift of a banner as a pledge of the support of St Peter whereby he might the more confidently and safely attack his enemy." [DOUGLAS and GREENAWAY 1981: p.227] ~~ English Historical Documents, 1042-1189 edited by David Charles Douglas, George William Greenaway~~

:"He then advanced in good order with the papal banner which had been granted to him bourne aloft at the head of his troops." [DOUGLAS and GREENAWAY 1981 :p.233] ~~ English Historical Documents, 1042-1189 edited by David Charles Douglas, George William Greenaway~~

Apparently mentions the fighting man standard being sent to Rome. - GET SOURCE

:He raised the red-moon of his shield;

:And often dared King Eirik's son

:To try the fray with the Earl Hakon." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* King Olaf Trygvason's Saga

:* BATTLE WITH THE JOMSBORG VIKINGS

:"Earl Sigvalde's banner was displayed in the midst of his army, and right against it Earl Hakon arranged his force for attack." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* THE THRONDHJEM PEOPLE BAPTIZED.

:"But as Skegge was killed, there was no leader in the bondes' army to raise the '''banner''' against King Olaf; so they took the other condition, to surrender to the king's will and obey his order. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* CREW ON BOARD OF THE LONG SERPENT.

:"Ulf the Red was the name of the man who bore King Olaf's '''banner,''' and was in the forecastle of the Long Serpent; and with him was Kolbjorn the marshal, Thorstein Uxafot, and Vikar of Tiundaland, a brother of Arnliot Gelline." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF KING OLAF.

:"When King Olaf saw that the scattered forces of the enemy gathered themselves together under the '''banners''' of their ships, he asked, "Who is the chief of the force right opposite to us?"" [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Saga of Olaf Haraldson

:* OF THE FEAST

:"As they rode up to the house, and were near the room, they saw on the other side of the house the '''banners''' of Olaf coming waving; and there was he himself, with about 100 men all well equipped." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF THE BATTLE AT NESJAR.

:"He had a white banner on which was a serpent figured. but when they saw the king's fleet coming they began to bind the ships together, to set up their '''banners''', and to make ready for the fight." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* EARL SVEIN'S FLIGHT.

:His banner in war-storm to bear,

:From your fair girl's, who round the hall

:Brings the full mead-bowl to us all.'" [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* MURDER OF OLAF'S COURT-MEN.

:There were twelve of Hrorek's men there, and among them Sigurd Hit, who had been his banner-man, and also little Fin." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF THE BAPTISM OF THE VAGABOND FOREST-MEN

:The king then took them into the troop of his court-men, and said they should fight under his banner in the battle." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* KING OLAF'S SPEECH.

:I will let my banner go forward in the middle of the army, and my-court-men, and pursuivants shall follow it, together with the war forces that joined us from the Uplands, and also those who may come to us here in the Throndhjem land. On the right hand of my banner shall be Dag Hringson, with all the men he brought to our aid; and he shall have the second banner. And on the left hand of our line shall the men be whom the Swedish king gave us, together with all the people who came to us in Sweden; and they shall have the third banner.

:Now let the men divide themselves into separate flocks, and then each flock into ranks; then let each man observe well his proper place, and take notice what banner he is drawn up under." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF KING OLAF'S SKALDS.

:Thormod replies, "It may be, sire, that ye now require prayers most; but it would be thin around the banner-staff if all thy court-men were now on the way to Rome." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* KING OLAF COMES TO STIKLESTAD

:Then he placed his army in battle array, and raised his banner. Dag was not yet arrived with his men, so that his wing of the battle array was wanting. Then the king said the Upland men should go forward in their place, and raise their banner there." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* THORD FOLASON.

:Floating all splendid in the sky

:From golden shaft, aloft he bore, --

:The Norsemen's rallying-point of yore." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* KING OLAF'S DREAM.

:There a slumber came upon him, and he slept a little while; but at the same time the bondes' army was seen advancing with raised banners, and the multitude of these was very great. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF ARNLJOT GELLINE'S BAPTISM

:Thereupon Arnljot was baptized. The king taught him so much of the holy faith as appeared to him needful, and placed him in the front rank of the order of battle, in advance of his banner, where also Gauka-Thorer and Afrafaste, with their men, were. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF THE LENDERMEN

:Thorer replies thus to his speech: "I do not confide in myself so much as to raise the banner against King Olaf, or, as chief, to lead on this army; [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* KALF ARNASON'S SPEECH

:Will ye now adopt my proposal -- then shalt thou, friend Thorer, and thou, Harek, go under the banner which we will all of us raise up, and then follow. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* HOW THE LENDERMEN SET UP THEIR BANNERS.

:"Kalf Arnason then raised his banner, and drew up his house-servants along with Harek of Thjotta and his men. Thorer Hund, with his troop, was at the head of the order of battle in front of the banner; and on both sides of Thorer was a chosen body of bondes, all of them the most active and best armed in the forces. This part of the array was long and thick, and in it were drawn up the Throndhjem people and the Halogalanders. On the right wing was another array; and on the left of the main array were drawn up the men from Rogaland, Hordaland, the Fjord districts, and Scgn, and they had the third banner." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF THE PREPARATIONS OF THE BONDES.

:"When the bondes' men and array were drawn up the lendermen addressed the men, and ordered them to take notice of the place to which each man belonged, under which banner each should be, who there were in front of the banner, who were his side-men, and that they should be brisk and quick in taking up their places in the array; for the army had still to go a long way, and the array might be broken in the course of march. Then they encouraged the people; and Kalf invited all the men who had any injury to avenge on King Olaf to place themselves under the banner which was advancing against King Olaf's own banner. They should remember the distress he had brought upon them; and, he said, never was there a better opportunity to avenge their grievances, and to free themselves from the yoke and slavery he had imposed on them. "Let him," says he, "be held a useless coward who does not fight this day boldly; and they are not innocents who are opposed to you, but people who will not spare you if ye spare them." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* OF THE KING'S AND THE BONDES' ARMIES.

:"Thereafter the bondes' army advanced to Stiklestad, where King Olaf was already with his people. Kalf and Harek went in front, at the head of the army under their banners." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* BEGINNING OF THE BATTLE OF STIKLESTAD.

::Where the king's banner flamed in air.

::The king beneath his banner stands,

::And there the battle he commands." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 239. THORGEIR OF KVISTSTAD'S FALL

::"At the same instant Thord stuck the banner-pole so fast in the earth that it remained standing. Thord had got his death-wound, and fell beneath the banner. At the same time Dag Hringson came up with his people, and began to put his men in array, and to set up his banner; but on account of the darkness the onset could not go on so briskly, for they could not see exactly whom they had before them." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 240. KING OLAF'S FALL.

::With flying banners onwards led

::Thy bonde troops, and still fought on,

::Until he fell -- the much-mourned one." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 241. BEGINNING OF DAG HRINGSON'S ATTACK.

::" There a great number of the bondes fell, and these lendermen, Erlend of Gerde and Aslak of Finey; and the banner also which they had stood under was cut down." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 246. OF THORMOD KOLBRUNARSKALD.

::" Thormod Kolbrunarskald was under King Olaf's banner in the battle; but when the king had fallen, the battle was raging so that of the king's men the one fell by the side of the other, and the most of those who stood on their legs were wounded." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Saga of Magnus the Good

::The sand-bills and green trees between,

::Through moss and mire to the strand,

::In arrow flight, leaving the land." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 34. BATTLE AT HELGANES

::In the cold early morning air;

::And they from Magnus' power who fly

::Cannot this quick war-work deny." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 35. OF KING MAGNUS'S CAMPAIGN.

::The warrior in his twentieth year,

::Whom their black ravens from afar

::Saluted as he went to war." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Magnus Barefoot's Saga

::The king answered, "Call all the men together with the war-horns under the banner, and the men who are here shall make a rampart with their shields, and thus we will retreat backwards out of the mires; and we will clear ourselves fast enough when we get upon firm ground."

::Vidkun Jonson instantly killed the man who had given the king his death-wound, and fled, after having received three wounds; but brought the king's banner and the sword Legbit

to the ships. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille

:* 2. OF THE FORCES OF HARALD AND MAGNUS.

::Then the war-horns sounded, and all Harald's men went out from the house to an enclosed field, and set up their banners. King Harald had on two shirts of ring-mail, but his brother Kristrod had no armour on; and a gallant man he was. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 12. OF MAGNUS THE BLIND.

::'Fore him who dyes their shirts of mail.

::His storm-stretched banner o'er his head

::Flies straight, and fills the foe with dread." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Saga of Sigurd, Inge, and Eystein, the Sons of Harald

:* 2. OF SIGURD SLEMBIDJAKN

::It is related that Thjostolf Alason carried King Inge in his belt as long as the battle lasted, and stood under the banner [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 27. OF GREGORIUS DAGSON

::It is true that there is but little help in thee on account of thy ill health, but I should think thy will should not be less to hold thy hand over thy friends, and I am now quite ready to go from hence to meet Sigurd, and my banner is flying in the yard." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Saga of Hakon Herdebreid ("Hakon the Broad-Shouldered")

:* 3. KING HAKON'S FLIGHT

::There the man who carried his banner was slain, just as he was going to step on shore. Gregorius ordered Hal, a son of Audun Halson, to take up the banner, which he did, and

bore the banner up to the pier. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 11. KING HAKON'S FLIGHT

::Thereupon he ordered his banner to be set up, which was done; and they rowed across the river. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 14. OF THE FALL OF GREGORIUS DAGSON

::Then he ordered the banner to be advanced, and immediately went out on the ice with the men. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 18. KING INGE'S FALL

::An assault was made against King Inge's banner, and in this conflict King Inge fell; but his brother Orm continued the battle, while many of the army fled up into the town. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

* Magnus Erlingson's Saga

:* 10. EARL SIGURD'S CONDEMNATION

::The people of Viken were very friendly to Erling and King Magnus, principally from the popularity of the late King Inge Haraldson; for the Viken people had always served under his

banner. [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 13. OF EARL SIGURD'S BATTLE ARRAY

::We have a good battle-field. Let them cross the bridge; but as soon as the banner comes over it let us then rush down the hill upon them, and none desert his

neighbour." [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 14. EARL SIGURD'S FALL

::They first used spears then edge weapons; and the earl's banner soon retired so far back, that Erling and his men scaled the ridge [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

:* 42. THE FALL OF KING EYSTEIN.

::Then the Birkebeins' banner was cut down; those who were nearest gave way and some took to flight [LAING ~~1844~~1907]

==References==

GUMMERE1910

HEWITT1885

~~LAING1844~~

LAING1907

OAKESHOTT1960

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