! Location / Catalogue No.!! Condition !! Terminal Shape !! Nock Type !! Wood !! Length !! Date !! Ref.
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP1 || Fragment || Straight || Single || Yew || >10cm || C11th-C12th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP2 || Fragment || Straight || Double || <b>Scots Pine</b> || >15cm || C11th-C12th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP3 || Fragment || ? || Double || Yew || >11cm || C11th-C12th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP4 || Fragment || Deflexed || Single || Yew || >13cm || C11th-C13th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP5 || Fragment || Straight || Double || <b>Elm</b> || >10cm || C11th-C12th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP6 || Fragment || Straight || Double || Yew || >20cm || C11th-C13th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP7 || <b>Complete</b> || Straight || Double || Yew || <b>68cm</b> || C11th-C13th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Dublin, Ireland / DWP8 || Fragment || Straight || Double || Yew || >8cm || C12th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Ballinderry, Ireland || <b>Complete</b> || Deflexed || || Yew || <b>190cm</b> || Late C10th || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Adare Castle, Ireland || <b>Complete</b> || || Single || Yew || || || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 1 || Fragment || ? || Single || Yew || || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 2-c || Fragment || || Double || Yew || >71cm || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 3-b || Fragment || || Double || Yew || >65cm || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 4-d || <b>Complete</b> || Deflexed || Single || Yew || <b>126cm</b> || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 5 || Fragment || || Double? || Yew || || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 6 || Fragment || || Double || Yew || || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Waterford, Ireland / 7 || Fragment || Deflexed || Single || Yew || || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Cork, Ireland || Fragment || || || || || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Cork, Ireland || Fragment || || || || || C11th ? || [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 1 || <b>Complete</b> || Deflexed || Single || Yew || <b>191cm</b> || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 2 || Fragment || ? || ? || Yew || >16cm || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 3 || Fragment || Deflexed || ? || Yew || >47cm || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 4 || Fragment || Straight || ? || Yew || >27cm || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 5 || Fragment || ? || ? || Yew || >23cm || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 6 || Fragment || ? || ? || Yew || >21cm || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Hedeby, Denmark / 7 || Fragment || ? || Single || <b>Elm</b> || >37cm || 850-1066AD || [PAULSEN Paulsen 1999]
|-
| Aarlsum, Netherlands || Fragment || ? || Double || Yew || >126cm (~175-185cm) || 720-890 || [LANTING Lanting 1999]
|-
| Wassenaar, Netherlands || Fragment || Deflexed || || Yew || >150cm (~180-190cm) || 800-950AD || [LANTING Lanting 1999]
|-
| Pineilh la mothe, France || <b>Complete</b> || Straight || Double || <b>Elm</b> || <b>125cm</b> || 979-1060AD || [LANSAC Lansac 2008]
|-
| Burg Elmendorf, Germany || <b>Complete (Unfinished)</b> || Straight || Single || Yew || <b>162cm</b> || C12th || [JUNKMANNS Junkmanns 2013]
|-
| Oberflacht, Germany / Gr.7 || <b>Complete</b> || || Single || Yew || <b>169cm</b> || C7th || [HŐRNIG Hoernig 2005]
|-
| Oberflacht, Germany / Gr.8 || <b>Complete</b> || || Single || Yew || <b>170cm</b> || C7th || [HŐRNIG Hoernig 2005]
|-
| Oberflacht, Germany / Gr.21|| <b>Complete</b> || || Single || Yew || <b>184cm</b> || C7th || [HŐRNIG Hoernig 2005]
|-
| Oberflacht, Germany / Gr. || Fragment || || || Yew || >20cm || C7th || [HŐRNIG Hoernig 2005]
|-
| Oberflacht, Germany / Gr. || Fragment || || || <b>Elm</b> || >112cm || C7th || [HŐRNIG Hoernig 2005]
|-
| Altdorf, Switzerland || <b>Complete</b> || || || Yew || <b>180cm</b> || C7th || [HŐRNIG Hoernig 2005]
|}
==Arrow Shafts from Archaeology==
* Scotland
** Scar (AD 875-950) [OWEN Owen & DALLAND Dalland 1999]
*** 9 Arrow fragments made from Scots Pine. Leaf heads. Surviving length of shaft 12cm.
* Ireland
** Dublin [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
*** DWP11: C11th. Complete made from Scots Pine. Leaf head. Total length 60cm (including head), Shaft 54cm. Diameter 10mm.
*** DWP12: C11th-12th. Fragment made from Willow. Surviving length of shaft 22cm.
** Waterford [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
*** Complete, unknown wood. Bodkin head.
*** Fragment made from Yew
** Cork [HALPIN Halpin 2008]
*** 2 Arrow fragments made of Yew.
* Norway [FARBREGD 1975Farbregd 1972]
** Oppland (9th-10th C)
*** 42: Fragment, 38cm. Birch. Tanged shouldered arrow head.*** 58: Complete, 69cm Birch. Tanged leaf arrow head. Traces of resin from holding the flights. [Roesdahl & Wilson 1992:p.249 cat.88]*** 59 & 38: Fragment, 57cm. Birch*** 60: Fragment, 64cm. Birch** Femund (AD 800-1000)*** birch shaft with tanged head attached by lashing with tendon (sinew), then covered with birch bark. [Roesdahl & Wilson 1992]:p.249 cat.88
** Snohetta
*** birch shaft with tanged leaf shaped head. Traces of resin from holding the flights [ROESDAHL Roesdahl & WILSON Wilson 1992: p.249 cat.88]* Denmark (old)** Hedeby*** Harbour: 13 blunt heads were found in the harbour, and one knock end fragment. 11 were conical, two were double conical (widest point in the middle) [Westphal 2006: p. 61] These 13 heads can be added to those found in the settlement giving a total of 58 blunt heads. Sizes of the conical heads: Length 31-82mm, diameter of the head 9-35mm (21mm average), diameter of shaft 6-14mm (9mm average). Sizes of the bi-conical heads: Length 31-82mm, diameter of the head 12-23mm (18mm average), diameter of shaft 6-10mm (8mm average). The type of wood could be determined for 46 fragments. 31(67%) were ash. 7 (15%) hazel, and one each (2%) of oak, fir, pine, elder, spruce, alder and maple. [Westphal 2006: p.61]
* Germany
** Elisenhof (8th-11th C). 6 arrow shafts were identified in Elisenhof. [SZABO Szabo 1985: p.26, taf. 4]
*** 24: complete blunt of unknown wood type. Length 34.00cm, 0.6cm diameter, 1.2-1.5cm head diameter, 0.3cm deep knock. The head is oval in cross section and flat at the end.
*** 25: broken at the lower end, made of elder. Length now 48.00cm, diameter 1.1cm, deep knock 16.5cm and 9.5cm from the knock are two grooves, possibly form the attachment of feathers.
** Altdorf (7th C) [HORNIG 2004]
*** 8 Arrows made from Hazel, Ash and Honeysuckle.
*Denmark (old)
** Hedeby
*** Harbour: 13 blunt heads were found in the harbour, and one knock end fragment. 11 were conical, two were double conical (widest point in the middle) [WESTPHAL 2006: p. 61] These 13 heads can be added to those found in the settlement giving a total of 58 blunt heads. Sizes of the conical heads: Length 31-82mm, diameter of the head 9-35mm (21mm average), diameter of shaft 6-14mm (9mm average). Sizes of the bi-conical heads: Length 31-82mm, diameter of the head 12-23mm (18mm average), diameter of shaft 6-10mm (8mm average). The type of wood could be determined for 46 fragments. 31(67%) were ash. 7 (15%) hazel, and one each (2%) of oak, fir, pine, elder, spruce, alder and maple. [WESTPHAL 2006: p.61]
==Arrow Heads from Archaeology==
This is not intended to be a comprehensive list. It is intended to give an overall impression of the types of arrow heads and the areas where they have been found.
=== Tanged Arrows - leaf or shouldered ===
<gallery mode=Packed heights=50px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
Archery - Arrow tanged (Gav).jpg
</gallery>
*England
:''Leaf shapped heads are not common in Britain'' [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
:* York, England C9th – C11th [Ottaway 1992: p.710] 14 finds; length:102-155mm;width:10-21mm
:* [[:Category:England,_Berkshire:_Sonning|Berkshire: Sonning]], C10th/C11th [Ottaway 1992: p.711] [Graham-Campbell 2001] 6 finds.
:* Buckinghamshire: Walton [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
:* Carlisle Cathedral [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
:* Norfolk: Norwich, St. Martin-at-Palace-Plain [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
*Scotland
**Scar 8 finds [Owen & Dalland 1999]
*Ireland
** Dublin [Halpin 2008]
** Lagore Crannog [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
*France
** [[France: L'Ile de Groix|L'Ile de Groix]] 8 finds [Bjorn & Shetelig 1940] [Chatellier & Pontois 1908]
<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
L'lle de Groix Arrow heads.jpg
</gallery>
*Denmark
** Hedeby
** Ladby Ship [WOV 2003:cat. ] [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
** Arhus [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
** Sorup [WOV 2003:cat. ]
** Trelleborg [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
*Norway
** Oppdalsfjella [Ottaway 1992: p.711] [Farbregd 1972: p.43-46]
** Kaupang [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
** Bronho [British Museum: 1891,1021.7]
** Bolstad [British Museum: 1891,1021.14]
<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
BM Arrows - Norway (1891,1021.7 & 1891,1021.14).JPG|Bronho & Bolstad
</gallery>
*Sweden
** Birka [Arbman 1940: Taf.10-11] [Wegraeus 1986:]
** Loddekopinge [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
** Lund [Ottaway 1992: p.711]
*Germany
** Menzlin [WOV 2003:cat. ]
== Archery depicted in Art =Socketed Arrows - shouldered or leaf ===<gallery mode=Packed heights=50px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">Archery - Arrow leaf (Gav).jpg</gallery>* Thetford, England [Ottaway 1992:p.710] 2 leaf shapped heads* Dublin, Ireland [Halpin 2008]
=== Bodkin heads ===<gallery mode=Packed heights=50px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">Archery - Arrow Bodkin (Gav).jpg</gallery>*Dublin, Ireland Late C10th/C11th [Halpin 2008:p.169] 54% of heads* Trellborg, Denmark C11th [Halpin 2008:p.169] 56% of the arrows* Staigard/Oldenburg, Germany C11th [Halpin 2008: p.169] majority of heads == Archery depicted in Art ==Archery is frequently depicted in Viking Age art. The images below are of just a few of them.
<gallery mode=Packed heights=120px style="Padding-left:30px; text-align:left;">
Archery - Tied on bow String (Stuttgart Psalter f.146v).jpg|Stuttgart Psalter f.146v
Archery - String keeper (Stuttgart Psalter f.21r).jpg|Stuttgart Psalter f.21r
Archery - Horse (Stuttgart Psalter f.7v).jpg|Stuttgart Psalter f.7v
Archery - Quiver (Vatican Reg.12 f.24v).jpg|Vatican Reg.12 f.24v
Archery - Quiver (Harley Psalter f.14r).jpg|Harley Psalter f.14r
Archery - Quiver (Harley Psalter f.25r).jpg|Harley Psalter f.25r
Archery - Quiver (Harley Psalter f.64r).jpg|Harley Psalter f.64r
Archery - Horse (Harley Psalter f.25r).jpg|Harley Psalter f.25r
Archery - Paired (Harley Psalter f.7r).jpg|Harley Psalter f.7r
Archery - Paired (Harley Psalter f.6r).jpg|Harley Psalter f.6r
London, British Library, MS Cotton Galba A XVIII, fol.014r.jpg|Cotton Galba A XVIII, f.14r
Leiden University Library, 1 PER F17.jpg|Leiden, 1 PER F17
London, British Library MS Cotton Claudius B IV fol.41v.jpg|Cotton Claudius B IV f.41v
Archery - Nock Deflexed (Pierpoint-Morgan Lib. M. 736 f.14).jpg|Pierpoint-Morgan Lib. M. 736 f.14
</gallery>
== Archery mentioned in Literature ==
===Capitulary of Charlemeigne===
''Mobilization alert: Aachen, mid-April 806''[King 2007]::Each horseman is to carry shield and spear, long-sword and short-sword, '''bow, quivers and arrows''', and your carts are to contain implements of various kinds” [King 2007]
===Beowulf===
''Written c.1000'' [Garnet 1912]
{{Ref|Ashliman 2010|x}}
{{Ref|Bacon 1914|x}}
{{Ref|Farbregd 1972|x}}
{{Ref|Garnet 1912|x}}
{{Ref|Goodwin 1948|x}}
{{Ref|Graham-Campbell 2001|x}}{{Ref|Halpin 2008|x}}{{Ref|Hőrnig Hoernig 2005|x}}
{{Ref|Ingram 1912|x}}
{{Ref|Killings 1996|x}}
{{Ref|King 2007|x}}
{{Ref|Junkmanns 2013|x}}{{Ref|Lansac 2008|x}}{{Ref|Lanting 1999|x}}{{Ref|Ottaway 1992|x}}{{Ref|Owen & Dalland 1999|x}}{{Ref|Paulsen 1999|x}}{{Ref|Roesdahl & Wilson 1992|x}}{{Ref|de Stoute 2008|x}}{{Ref|Szabo 1985|x}}
{{Ref|Taylor 1837|x}}
{{Ref| Westphal 2006|x}}{{Ref|WOV 2003}}
<HarvardReferences />