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Flatfish, a migratory specimen, are intermediate between C7th and C12th. Site location does not bias the results as a whole. Non Marine species were preferred prior to the end of the 1st millennium AD. Herring increased 4 fold between period 1 and 2. [BARRETT, LOCKER and ROBERTS 2004] It is also interesting that there was no word for cod in Anglo-Saxon prior to the mid 11th century [BARRETT 2007]. At York the fresh water fish found were, pike, roach, rudd, bream, perch and the salt water fish were herring, haddock, flat-fish, ling, horse mackerel and cod. Smelt, eels and salmon were also represented. [HALL 1984: p.94]. It seems that in the late C9th there is a disappearance of Barbell and Grayling bones which may reflect the increase of pollution in the rivers from the growing town [Bond BOND 2001:p.186]. It could be argued that the increase in marine species like cod and herring was due to population growth, particularly in towns, changes in Christian fasting practices and the human impact on fresh water eco systems [Barrett BARRETT 2007:p.202].<br>
In Scotland before the arrival of the Viking the Picts caught small fish from the shore. Once the Viking settlers arrived in the 9th century cod, ling and saithe entered the diet. It is worth noting that the numbers of these fish consumed still increased just like in England in the C11th [BARRETT, LOCKER and ROBERTS 2004].<br>
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===Fish Spears===
Fishing with the aid of spears has been done since antiquity and spearheads with 2 or more prongs are commonly attributed to this purpose.
In winter spears were used to catch eels huddled together in the mud at the bottom of estuaries and could be used if necessary through holes in the ice [Stone Gaines STONE GAINES 2007].
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GREEN1993 - David Green http://www.regia.org/fishing.htm
HAGAN2006
HALL1978
HALL1984
LACEY1999