Changes
{{Stars1|Category = Textiles}}
{{Textiles}}
==Evidence sources==
{{Evidence
<br>
==Evidence by animal==
===Badger===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Badger have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Bear===
{{Evidence
|Literature =
*The Voyage of Ohthere: "a cloak of bear's or otter's skin"
|Archaeology= *Birka, Sweden: Bones of Brown Bear have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Code of Welsh Laws by King Howel Dha. AD c.940. A beaver pelt is priced at 120 pence, considerably more than for a martin pelt, 24 pence, and for wolf, fox or otter, 8 pence. [SPRIGGS 1998:p.95] [HARTING 1880:p.34]
*Al-Mukaddasi, Shams Al-Deen Abu Abdallah. 985AD "fur of steppe foxes, martens, foxes, beavers, spotted hares and goats" [HOWARD-JOHNSTON 1998]:p.69]*Nizami "Loaded on donkeys came the shiney beaver, and the black sable as well.." [AGREN 1995:p.57]*Ibn Khordaabeh "Regarding the route followed by the tradesmen to the ar-Rus, who are of the same kind as the as-Saqaliba, they carry hides of Al-Hazz (beaver) and black fox and, in addition, swords from th emost distant parts of the Saqaliba country to the Rum-see..." [AGREN 1995:p.57]
|Archaeology =
*Birka, Sweden: 9 graves - Beaver (graves 539, 619, 956, 968) [HAGG 1984]. Found on penannulars (graves 60b, 477, 478, 736, 918, 954, 956) [AGREN 1995:p.55]*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Beaver have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
*York, England: 4 bones (possibly from the same animal). C8th-C9th. [SPRIGGS 1998:p.95]
|Discussion =
*Fur: Beaver was probably used to trim women's clothing in Sweden [HAGG 19841986] and to trim the King's garments in Wales [SPRIGGS 1998]. The beaver fur found on penannulars in Birka may have been from fur trimmed cloaks worn by rich warriors [AGREN 1995:p.57].
*Food: Geraldus in around c.1200 describes the tails of beavers being classed as a fish and being suitable food during lent. [SPRIGGS 1998:p.97]
*Properties:Beavers testicles were believed to have medicinal properties since classical times, a belief that had been repeated by Aesop, Aristotle, Solinus, Juvenal and Pliny the Elder [SPRIGGS 1998:p.96]
*Saga of Erik the Red: "a black hood of lambskin, lined with ermine"; "On her hands she had gloves of ermine-skin, and they were white and hairy within."
*Einhard describing Charlemagne's dress: "In winter he protected his chest and shoulders with a thorax of otterskin and/or ermine." [OWEN-CROCKER 1998:p.39]
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Ermine have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Al-Mukaddasi: "steppe foxes, and foxes"
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Red Fox have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Al-Mukaddasi
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Goat have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Al-Mukaddasi: "spotted Hares"
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Mountain Hare have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
===Lynx===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Lynx have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Martin (Sable)===
|Archaeology =
*Birka, Sweden: Marten (grave 557)
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Pine Martin have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
*The Voyage of Ohthere: "a cloak of bear's or otter's skin"
*Einhard describing Charlemagne's dress: "In winter he protected his chest and shoulders with a thorax of otterskin and/or ermine." [OWEN-CROCKER 1998:p.39]
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Otter have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
===Polecat===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Polecat have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Reindeer===
|Literature =
*The Voyage of Ohthere: "two ship-ropes (each sixty ells long), one made of whale's and the other of seal's skin"
|Archaeology =*Cumwhitton, England: Female grave 2 had probable presence of hairs from a sealskin between the buckle plates. Possibly from a cape or thorax. [PATERSON 2014:p.76]*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Seal have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Archaeology =
*Birka, Sweden: Squirrel (grave 507)
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Red Squirrel have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
===Wolverine===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Wolverine have been found in the Black Earth. [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Wolf===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Wolf have been found in the Black Earth. [WIGH 1998:p.87]
<br>
== References ==
{{Ref|Agren 1995}}
{{Ref|Ostergard 2004}}
{{Ref|Owen-Crocker 1998}}
{{Ref|Paterson 2014}}
{{Ref|Prehal 2011}}
{{Ref|Spriggs 1998}}
