Changes
{{Stars1|Category = Textile MaterialsTextiles}}{{Textiles}}
==Evidence sources==
{{Evidence
<br>
==Evidence by animal==
===Badger===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Badger have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Bear===
{{Evidence
|Literature =
*The Voyage of Ohthere: "a cloak of bear's or otter's skin"
|Archaeology= *Birka, Sweden: Bones of Brown Bear have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Art
|Literature =
|Archaeology =
*Birka, Sweden: 9 graves - Beaver (graves 539, 619, 956, 968)[HAGG 1984]. Found on penannulars (graves 60b, 477, 478, 736, 918, 954, 956) [AGREN 1995:p.55]*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Beaver have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]*York, England: 4 bones (possibly from the same animal). C8th-C9th. [SPRIGGS 1998:p.95]|Discussion=*Fur: Beaver was probably used to trim women's clothing in Sweden [HAGG 1986] and to trim the King's garments in Wales [SPRIGGS 1998]. The beaver fur found on penannulars in Birka may have been from fur trimmed cloaks worn by rich warriors [AGREN 1995:p.57].*Food: Geraldus in around c.1200 describes the tails of beavers being classed as a fish and being suitable food during lent. [SPRIGGS 1998:p.97]*Properties:Beavers testicles were believed to have medicinal properties since classical times, a belief that had been repeated by Aesop, Aristotle, Solinus, Juvenal and Pliny the Elder [SPRIGGS 1998:p.96]*In Britain: Beavers were rare during the Viking Age which is reflected in the price for their fur paid by King Howel Dha and were finally hunted to extinction probably during the C13th [SPRIGGS 1998:p.95].
}}
*Saga of Erik the Red: "a black hood of lambskin, lined with ermine"; "On her hands she had gloves of ermine-skin, and they were white and hairy within."
*Einhard describing Charlemagne's dress: "In winter he protected his chest and shoulders with a thorax of otterskin and/or ermine." [OWEN-CROCKER 1998:p.39]
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Ermine have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Al-Mukaddasi: "steppe foxes, and foxes"
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Red Fox have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Al-Mukaddasi
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Goat have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Literature =
*Al-Mukaddasi: "spotted Hares"
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Mountain Hare have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
===Lynx===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Lynx have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Martin (Sable)===
|Archaeology =
*Birka, Sweden: Marten (grave 557)
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Pine Martin have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
*The Voyage of Ohthere: "a cloak of bear's or otter's skin"
*Einhard describing Charlemagne's dress: "In winter he protected his chest and shoulders with a thorax of otterskin and/or ermine." [OWEN-CROCKER 1998:p.39]
|Archaeology =*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Otter have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
===Polecat===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Polecat have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Reindeer===
|Literature =
*The Voyage of Ohthere: "two ship-ropes (each sixty ells long), one made of whale's and the other of seal's skin"
|Archaeology =*Cumwhitton, England: Female grave 2 had probable presence of hairs from a sealskin between the buckle plates. Possibly from a cape or thorax. [PATERSON 2014:p.76]*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Seal have been found in the Black Earth [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
|Archaeology =
*Birka, Sweden: Squirrel (grave 507)
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Red Squirrel have been found both in the Black Earth and also in graves [WIGH 1998:p.87]
|Discussion
}}
===Wolverine===
*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Wolverine have been found in the Black Earth. [WIGH 1998:p.87]
===Wolf===*Birka, Sweden: Bones of Wolf have been found in the Black Earth. [WIGH 1998:p.87]
<br>
== References ==
{{Ref|Agren 1995}}
{{Ref|Cameron 2003}}
{{Ref|Geijer 1938}}
{{Ref|Howard-Johnston 1998}}
{{Ref|Lovlid 2009}}
{{Ref|O'Conner Connor 2003}}
{{Ref|Ostergard 2004}}
{{Ref|Owen-Crocker 1998}}
{{Ref|Paterson 2014}}
{{Ref|Prehal 2011}}
{{Ref|Spriggs 1998}}
{{Ref|Thompson Thomson 1998}}{{Ref|Walton Rogers 2007}}
{{Ref|Wigh 1998}}
<HarvardReferences />
