==Introduction==
Pins were probably the most common form of cloak fastening in the Viking Age [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980: p.30]<br>
Pins classed as dress pins could have been used for a number of purposes including fastening cloaks, securing hair styles or as stylus. [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1949].<br>
[OWEN-CROCKER 2004]<br>
Morris [MORRIS 2000:p.2309] makes the point that wooden pins would not have had the strength of pins made from other materials but would have been quicker and easier to make. <br>
==Heads==
<br>
The typology styles 1 to 6 are based on that by Nicola Rogers in [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.33]. Styles 7 to 11 have been added by the author.<br>
<br>
===1: Globular (Spherical)===
{{Guide1|4|Encouraged}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#York|York]]
**14 of bone [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and ROGERS 1999: p.1948-1949]
* England [[S-S#Flixborough|Flixborough]]
**78 of copper alloy [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.33]**10 of silver [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.70-72]**33 of iron. 12 with lead heads, 2 with glass heads, 19 with iron heads [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009:p.74-77]
* Scotland [[B-S#Ballinaby|Ballinaby, Islay]]. silver ball headed pin in a woman's grave. [HINTON 2005:p.124]
'''Discussion'''<br>
Originate in the early Anglo-Saxon period [OTTAWAY 1992: p.693]. A long lived type – impossible to separate roman from post roman on typology [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1950]. The Flixborough examples date from AD 650-1000AD1000.<br>
<br>
===2: Polyhedral===
{{Guide1|4|Encouraged}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#York|York]]
**1 of wood [MORRIS 2000: p.2309]
* England [[S-S#Flixbourgh|Flixbourgh]]
**66 of copper alloy [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.33]**1 of silver [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.70-72]**17 of iron [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.74-75]
* Ireland, Lagore Crannog, 1 of wood
* Iceland, Hafurbjarnarstađir. 15cm long silver pin. [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:p.143-175 cst.13667]
===3: Biconical===
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#Flixbourgh|Flixbourgh]]
**79 of copper alloy [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009:p.33]
**20 of iron [EVANS and LOVELUCK 2009:p.76-77]
'''Discussion'''<br>
<br>
===4: Spiral===
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#Flixbourgh|Flixbourgh]]
**14 of copper alloy [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.33]
'''Discussion'''<br>
--<br>
<br>
===5: Headless===
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#York|York]]
**York, 2 finds of iron [OTTAWAY 1992: p.695, Cat.3807,3810]
* England [[S-S#Flixbourgh|Flixbourgh]]
**67 of copper alloy [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.33]
'''Discussion'''<br>
--<br>
===6: Flat oval, trapezoid or disk shaped headed===
''Oval, trapezoid or disk shaped''
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#York|York]]
** 1 find of bone, disk shaped, late C10th.
* England [[S-S#Flixbourgh|Flixbourgh]]
** 18 of copper alloy Types 6 & 7 [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.33]** 1 of silver - disc shaped [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.70-72]
'''Discussion'''<br>
--<br>
===7: Flat perforated head===
''Pins that have perforated heads much in the same manner as a needle but have heads that are deemed to be too large to pass through cloth.''
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#York|York]]
** 2 finds of iron [OTTAWAY 1992: p.695 Cat.3808,3812]
** 13 of bone, 2 of antler [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1951]
'''Discussion'''<br>
--<br>
===8: Pig fibulae===
''...... including pins that have perforated heads much in the same manner as a needle but have heads that are deemed to be too large to pass through cloth.''
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England [[S-S#York|York]]
** 10 finds of unperforated pig fibulae [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1950]** 61 finds of perforated pig fibulae [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999:p.1950]
'''Discussion'''<br>
Many more needle could be included from York if bone needles with smaller heads were to be included.<br>
===9: Zoomorphic===
{{Guide1|4|?}}
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* England, York, 5 finds, 1 of bone, 4 of unknown. [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1949]* Scotland, Jarlshof. 4 completed bone pins with dragon head aligned to the shaft with open mouths and two part made pins. [MacGREGOR 1985:p.119][MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1949][HAYEUR SMITH 2003:p.173].
* Iceland, Ymaberg. Bone, dragon head with open mouth, 16.3cm long [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:p.173 cat.11296].
* Denmark, Hedeby.
* Frisian
* Scandinavia, 6 finds
* Flixbourgh, 4 of silver [EVANS and & LOVELUCK 2009: p.70-72]
'''Discussion'''<br>
Dated to the 9th or 10th century but may have continued into the 12th in Sweden [MacGREGOR, MAINMAN and & ROGERS 1999: p.1949]. <br>
MacGregor notes that the pins found at Jarlshof must have been made in a local workshop [MacGregor 2005:p.119]<br>
== References ==
<nocite>EVANS2009{{Ref|Evans 2009}}GRAHAM{{Ref|Graham-CAMPBELL1980Campbell 1980}}HAYEUR2003{{Ref|Hayeur 2003}}HINTON2005{{Ref|Hinton 2005}}MacGREGOR1985{{Ref|MacGreggor 1985}}MacGREGOR1999{{Ref|MacGregor 1999}}MORRIS2000{{Ref|Morris 2000}}OTTAWAY1992{{Ref|Ottaway 1992}}OWEN{{Ref|Owen-CROCKER2004Crocker 2004}}</nocite><biblio force=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio>
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:Fastenings]]