{{Stars1|Category=Armour}}
{{Shields}}
Also known as an Umbo
==Introduction==
[[File:R727 Cauldron.jpg|thumbnail|left|Cauldron from [[Copper-alloy Cauldrons & Pans#Norway: Micklebostad|Micklebostad, Norway]]]]
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==By area==
===Sweden, Birka===
68 shields in 58 graves, 8 graves with 2 shields. Less than 50% could be categorised into the typology.<br>
===Denmark===
Shields have been found in 28 burials in Denmark. [PEDERSEN 2014A:p.96-98]
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== Viking Domed==
The typologies used for Viking domed bosses are:
* From Rygh 1885: R564, R562, R563, R565 [RYGH 1885]
* From Hjardar & Vike 2016: A, B, C, D1, D2, D3, E [HJARDAR & VIKE 2016:p.185]
Rygh's typology is the most widely referred to and was used by Petersen in 1919 [PETERSEN 1919] and almost all books and papers since. A new typology is presented in Hjardar & Vike 'Vikings at War'. Little information is given regarding the typology in the book. [HJARDAR & VIKE 2016:p.185]
===R564 / Type A===
{{Type| "Shield-boss with an approximately hemispherical dome and a high, clearly offset neck increasing slightly in diameter towards a flat or slightly slanting flange. A variant has a less pronounced transition between dome and neck, and a lower neck."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98] <br>
Date - From AD 700 to AD 925.
|i1h=120px
|i1=R564.jpg{{!}}Rygh 564
}}
*Norway, Myklebost
:*{{ListWeb|Universitetsmuseenes Webportal|[[http://www.unimus.no/photos/um/112237/?f=html Myklebost Cauldron]]}}
*Sweden, Birka
:2 in Bj 628, Bj 798, Bj 1098 (Arbman 1940:Taf. 16:1 & 3)
:Dia:14.5-17cm H:6.5-10cm
:*{{ListRef|Arwidsson 1986|p.39-40}}
:*{{ListRef|Arbman 1940}}
<gallery heights=100px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
File:R562.jpg|Norway, R562File:R563.jpg|Norway, R563File:R564.jpg|Norway, R564File:R565.jpg|Norway, R565NMS Ballinaby Boss.JPG|Scotland, BallinabyNMS Westness Boss.jpg|Scotland, Westness
</gallery>
== Hiberno-Norse =R562 / EnglishType B==={{Type| "Shield-boss with a lower, not quite hemispherical dome without a pronounced transition towards a very low neck."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98] <br>Date - From AD 830 to AD 970.|i1h=120px|i1=R562.jpg{{!}}Rygh 562}}
*England, Cumbria: Cumwhitton
:Grave 4. Described as R564/R562. [PATERSON 2014]
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*Ireland, Kilmainham c.1836
:lost. Probably of type R562 [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.313]
*Ireland, Kilmainham 1845
:D340(W1;Wk3) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.324-325]
:D341(W2;Wk20) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.324-326]
*Ireland, Islandbridge 1866A
:R2362(Wk7;Boe Wk7) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.434]
*Ireland, Islandbridge 1869
:Wk2(Boe Wk2) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.324-325]
*Ireland, Co. Kerry: Cloghermore
:99E0413:145:1-3 [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.624]
*Ireland, Co. Galway: Eyrephort
:1947:53 [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.633]
:*{{ListRef|Boe 1940}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
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*France, [[L'Ile de Groix]]
:Fragments of 13? shield-bosses all of them badly broken and defective. Type R562.
:*{{ListRef|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940}}
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*Sweden, Birka
:(among others) Bj 581, Bj 955. Bj 958 (Arbman 1940:Taf. 16:5 & 4)
:Dia:13.5-15.5cm H:~6.6cm
:*{{ListRef|Arwidsson 1986|p.39-40}}
:*{{ListRef|Arbman 1940}}
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<gallery heights=100px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
NMS Lamlash Ballinaby Boss.JPG|Scotland, Lamlash: BallinabyNMS Lamlash Westness Boss Side.JPGjpg|Scotland, Lamlash: WestnessShield Boss Kilmainham wk.7 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Kilmainham R2362 (Wk7)L'lle de Groix Scandinavian Shield bosses.jpg|L'Ile de Groix
</gallery>
== Irish =R563 / Type C==={{Type| "Shield-boss with a low dome shaped as a section of a sphere with a very short or no neck and a flat or slanting flange."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98]<br>Date - From AD 940 to AD 1050+. |i1h=120px|i1=R563.jpg{{!}}Rygh 563}} *Sweden, Birka:Bj 644, Bj 914, Bj 985 (Arbman 1940:Taf. 17:1 & 3):Dia:14.2-15.5cm H:4.6-5.3cm:*{{ListRef|Arwidsson 1986|p.39-40}}:*{{ListRef|Arbman 1940}}
<gallery heights=100px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
File:Example.jpg|?
</gallery>
== Carolingian =R565 / Type D1, D2, D3==={{Type| "Roughly conical shield-boss, with or without a pronounced knob at the centre; without a neck and with a flat or slanting flange."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98] <br>Date - From AD 970 to AD 1050+.|i1h=120px|i1=R565.jpg{{!}}Rygh 565}} *Sweden, Birka:Bj 1035 and one without a grave number (Arbman 1940:Taf. 17:6):Dia:14-15cm H:6.2-6.5cm:*{{ListRef|Arwidsson 1986|p.39-40}}:*{{ListRef|Arbman 1940}}
<gallery heights=100px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
File:L'lle de Groix Other Shield bosses.jpg|L'lle de Groix
</gallery>
== Hiberno-Norse / English==
Harrison has defined this type into 2 categories: [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.116]
===Irish Sea A Type===
{{Type|
|i1h=120px
|i1=Type A Boss.jpg
}}
*England, Cubria: Ormside
:Dia:6¾" H:3½"
:*{{ListRef|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940|p.18}}
:*{{ListRef|Cowen 1934}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.119}}
*Isle of Man, : Cronk Moar
:*{{ListRef|Bersu & Wilson 1966}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.119}}
*Scotland, Arran: Millhill, Lamlash
:*{{ListRef|Grieg 1940|p.27-28, fig.11}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.119}}
*Ireland, Dublin: South Great George's Street 2003 (99E414:197:1)
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.119 Ill.58, p.579}}
*Norway, Vestfold: Kaupang, Grave Ka.316
:Only known example outside of Britain and Ireland [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.119].
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.119}}
:*{{ListRef|Skre 2006|p.124-125}}
Note: see [[http://www.unimus.no/photos/khm/37524/?f=html Ukjent gård]] [[http://www.unimus.no/photos/khm/202804/?f=html Gravem]] Vikingtid skjoldbule
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<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
TH Ormside Shield Boss.JPG|England: Ormside
Manx Cronk Moar Shield Boss.jpg|Isle of Man: Cronk Moar
NMS Lamlash Boss.JPG|Scotland: Millhill, Lamlash
NMS Lamlash Boss Side.JPG|Scotland: Millhill, Lamlash
Boss, Dublin South Great George's st. NMI-99E414.197.1.JPG|Ireland:Dublin Great George's st.
</gallery>
===Irish Sea B Type===
{{Type|
|i1h=120px
|i1=Type B Boss.jpg
}}
There are 3 known examples:
*Isle of Man, : Balladoole
:*{{ListRef|Bersu & Wilson 1966|p.14-18}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.120}}
*Scotland, Colonsay: Kiloran Bay.
:Dia:9cm H:11.5cm (top missing)
:*{{ListRef|Grieg 1940|p.50, fig.29}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.120}}
*Ireland, Dublin: College Green 1819 (Sirr 266; Boe Wk25)
:Dia:9.4/10.7*cm(c.11.5cm) H:7.0/8.4*cm
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.120 Ill.59, p.517}}
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<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
Manx Balladoole Shield Boss.JPG|Isle of Man: Balladoole - Boss
Manx Balladoole Shield Grip.JPG|Isle of Man: Balladoole - Grip
Shield Boss Kiloran Bay (Greig 1940).JPG|Scotland: Kiloran Bay
</gallery>
===Other related forms===
*Scotland, Islay: Ballinaby
:*{{ListRef|Grieg 1940|p.32-33, fig.14}}
<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
NMS Ballinaby Boss 1877.JPG|Scotland: Ballinaby
Shield Boss Ballinaby (Greig 1940).JPG|Scotland: Ballinaby
</gallery>
===From Manuscripts===
<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
</gallery>
== Irish 'Dublin Type'==
{{Type|
|i1h=120px
|i1=Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.17 (Boe 1940).JPG
}}
*Ireland, Dublin: Kilmainham 1845
:D342(W3;Wk10;Boe W10) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.326]
:D343(W4;Wk26;Boe Wk18) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.326]
:D344(W5;Wk9;Boe Wk26) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.326-328]
:D345(W6;Wk17;Boe Wk17) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.328]
:D346(W7;Wk11 & 19;Boe Wk11, 36 & 19) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.328]
:D347(W8;Wk16;Boe Wk16) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.328-330]
:D348(W9;Wk23;Boe Wk23) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.330]
*Ireland, Dublin: Kilmainham 1845pb
:1881:364(Wk24;Boe Wk24) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.385]
:1881:365(Wk5;Boe Wk5) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.385]
*Ireland, Dublin: Kilmainham 1848
:W43(Wk15;Boe Wk15) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.391]
*Ireland, Dublin: Kilmainham 1861
:R428(Wk1;Boe Wk1) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.408]
*Ireland, Dublin: Kilmainham (Wakeman)
:Wk6 (Boe Wk6) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.414]
:Wk8 (Boe Wk8) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.414]
:Wk6 (Boe Wk21) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.417]
:*{{ListRef|Boe 1940}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
*Ireland, Dublin: Islandbridge 1866A
:R2363(Wk13;Boe Wk13) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.434]
:R2364(Wk12;Boe Wk12) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.434]
*Ireland, Islandbridge 1866B
:R2361(Wk18; W8;Boe Wk18) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.446]
*Ireland, Dublin: Bride Street 1861
:R434B(Wk14; W8;Boe Wk14) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.510]
*Ireland, Co. Waterford: Woodstown 2004
:02E441:2256:1 [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.666]
*Ireland, : Unprovenanced
:Sirr 184 (W44;Wk22;Boe Wk22) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.669]
*Ireland, : Lagore
:Dawson 623(W42;Wk4;Boe WK4 R2263) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.737]
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<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.17 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Kilmainham D345 (Wk17)
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.22 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Kilmainham Sirr 184 (Wk22)
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.4 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Lagore Dawson623 (Wk4)
</gallery>
== Carolingian ==
<gallery heights=150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
File:L'lle de Groix Other Shield bosses.jpg|L'lle de Groix
</gallery>
==Decorative bosses==
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To the best of my knowledge no shield boss has been found with traces of paint still adhering to it. Also the painting of bosses seems unlikely as period paints do not have the necessary adhesive properties.
== References ==
{{Ref|Arwidsson 1989}}
{{Ref|Beatson (N.D.) a}}
{{Ref|Bersu & Wilson 1966}}
{{Ref|Boast 2012}}
{{Ref|Harke 1992}}
{{Ref|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
{{Ref|Hjardar & Vike 2016}}
{{Ref|Pedersen 2014a}}
{{Ref|Pollington 2006}}
{{Ref|Rygh 1885}}
{{Ref|Skodell 2008}}
{{Ref|Stephenson 2007}}
<HarvardReferences />