Changes
/* References */
Also known as an Umbo
==Introduction==
[[File:R727 Cauldron.jpg|thumbnail|left|Cauldron from [[Copper-alloy Cauldrons & Pans#Norway: Micklebostad|Micklebostad, Norway]]]]
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==By area==
68 shields in 58 graves, 8 graves with 2 shields. Less than 50% could be categorised into the typology.<br>
===Denmark===
Shields have been found in 28 burials in Denmark. [PEDERSEN 2014A:p.96-98]
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== Viking Domed==
The typologies used for Viking domed bosses are:
* From Rygh 1885: R564, R562, R563, R565 [RYGH 1885]
* From Hjardar & Vike 2016: A, B, C, D1, D2, D3, E [HJARDAR & VIKE 2016:p.185]
Rygh's typology is the most widely referred to and was used by Petersen in 1919 [PETERSEN 1919] and almost all books and papers since. A new typology is presented in Hjardar & Vike 'Vikings at War'. Little information is given regarding the typology in the book. [HJARDAR & VIKE 2016:p.185] ===R564 Early/ Type A==={{Type| "Shield-boss with an approximately hemispherical dome and a high, clearly offset neck increasing slightly in diameter towards a flat or slightly slanting flange. A variant has a less pronounced transition between dome and neck, and a lower neck."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98] <br>Date - From AD 700 to AD 925.|i1h=120px|i1=R564.jpg{{!}}Rygh 564}}
*Norway, Myklebost
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===R562 General/ Type B==={{Type| "Shield-boss with a lower, not quite hemispherical dome without a pronounced transition towards a very low neck."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98] <br>Date - From AD 830 to AD 970.|i1h=120px|i1=R562.jpg{{!}}Rygh 562}}
*England, Cumbria: Cumwhitton
:Grave 4. Described as R564/R562. [PATERSON 2014]
:D340(W1;Wk3) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.324-325]
:D341(W2;Wk20) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.324-326]
*Ireland, Islandbridge 1866A
:R2362(Wk7;Boe Wk7) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.434]
*Ireland, Islandbridge 1869
:Wk2(Boe Wk2) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.324-325]
:*{{ListRef|Boe 1940}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
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*France, [[L'Ile de Groix]]
:Fragments of 13? shield-bosses all of them badly broken and defective. Type R562.
:*{{ListRef|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940}}
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<gallery heights=100px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
NMS Ballinaby Boss.JPG|Scotland: Ballinaby
NMS Westness Boss.jpg|Scotland: Westness
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.7 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Kilmainham wkR2362 (Wk7)L'lle de Groix Scandinavian Shield bosses.7jpg|L'Ile de Groix
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===R563 Late/ Type C==={{Type| "Shield-boss with a low dome shaped as a section of a sphere with a very short or no neck and a flat or slanting flange."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98]<br>Date - From AD 940 to AD 1050+. |i1h=120px|i1=R563.jpg{{!}}Rygh 563}}
*Sweden, Birka
:Bj 644, Bj 914, Bj 985 (Arbman 1940:Taf. 17:1 & 3)
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===R565 Late & Eastern/ Type D1, D2, D3==={{Type| "Roughly conical shield-boss, with or without a pronounced knob at the centre; without a neck and with a flat or slanting flange."[PEDERSEN 2014A:p.98] <br>Date - From AD 970 to AD 1050+.|i1h=120px|i1=R565.jpg{{!}}Rygh 565}}
*Sweden, Birka
:Bj 1035 and one without a grave number (Arbman 1940:Taf. 17:6)
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===Irish Sea A Type===
{{Type|
|i1h=120px
|i1=Type A Boss.jpg
}}
*England, Cubria: Ormside
:Dia:6¾" H:3½"
:*{{ListRef|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940|p.18}}
:*{{ListRef|Cowen 1934}}
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014|p.119}}
NMS Lamlash Boss.JPG|Scotland: Millhill, Lamlash
NMS Lamlash Boss Side.JPG|Scotland: Millhill, Lamlash
Boss, Dublin South Great George's st. NMI-99E414.197.1.JPG|Ireland:Dublin Great George's st.
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===Irish Sea B Type===
{{Type|
|i1h=120px
|i1=Type B Boss.jpg
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There are 3 known examples:
*Isle of Man, : Balladoole
== Irish 'Dublin Type'==
{{Type|
|i1h=120px
|i1=Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.17 (Boe 1940).JPG
}}
*Ireland, Dublin: Kilmainham 1845
:D342(W3;Wk10;Boe W10) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.326]
:*{{ListRef|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
*Ireland, Dublin: Islandbridge 1866A
:R2363(Wk13;Boe Wk13) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.434]
:R2364(Wk12;Boe Wk12) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.434]
*Ireland, : Unprovenanced
:Sirr 184 (W44;Wk22;Boe Wk22) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.669]
*Ireland, : Lagore
:Dawson 623(W42;Wk4;Boe WK4 R2263) [HARRISON & Ó FLOINN 2014:p.737]
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<gallery heights=100px 150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.17 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Kilmainham D345 (Wk17)
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.22 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Kilmainham Sirr 184 (Wk22)
Shield Boss Kilmainham wk.4 (Boe 1940).JPG|Ireland: Lagore Dawson623 (Wk4)
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== Carolingian ==
<gallery heights=100px 150px mode="Packed" style="text-align:left">
File:L'lle de Groix Other Shield bosses.jpg|L'lle de Groix
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==Decorative bosses==
{{Ref|Beatson (N.D.) a}}
{{Ref|Bersu & Wilson 1966}}
{{Ref|Boast 2012}}
{{Ref|Harke 1992}}
{{Ref|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
{{Ref|Hjardar & Vike 2016}}
{{Ref|Pedersen 2014a}}
{{Ref|Pollington 2006}}
{{Ref|Rygh 1885}}
{{Ref|Skodell 2008}}
{{Ref|Stephenson 2007}}
<HarvardReferences />
