{{stars1|Category = Weapons}}
{{TOClimit|3}}
{{Swords}}
<br>
== Introduction ==
This article is about metal fittings that were probably attached to [[Sword Scabbards]]. I understand that Peter Paulsen comprehensibly covered the subject of Viking sword scabbard chapes in 1953 in his book Schwertortbänder der Wikingerzeit[PAULSEN 1953]. Unfortunately More recently Androshchuk has published an updated typology and catalogue of 174 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]<br>This article is primarily concerned with Scandinavian and Western European Chape styles. Paulsen discuss a number of Eastern European styles that we do not have access to this volume and so have created our own typology as detailed belownot included here.<br>
<br>
== English Styles ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Ashwell.jpg|''England, Hertfordshire''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*England
**Ashwell, Hertfordshire C9th. Tree of life design. (Letchworth Museum 1978.77) [https://northhertsmuseum.org/north-hertfordshire-museum/collections/object-details/547918/ North Hertfordshire Museum][http://www.dayofarchaeology.com/letchworth-museum-stories/ dayofarchaeology.com]
**Castor, Peterborough [CAMERON 2000:p.194 fig.258]
**Lincolnshire. Anglo-Scandinavian [HAMMOND 2010:p.80 fig.1.8.4-d]
<br>
== Borre Style 1 ==
875-950AD'''Paulsen's Type II.3'''<br>Odin as shape''''Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif -shifting sorcerer and shaman. Protection. Animal Style of the Baltic Region''''<br>Paulsen lists a total of 10 finds of this group [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006bPAULSEN 1953:ppp.32148-53]<br>A small group In his opinion they are very similar to Oval brooch of sword chapes combining Borre style decoration with a possible Christian motif - the Crucifixion. Possibly originated in Denmarktype P48A. [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006bPAULSEN 1953:p.31548]<br><br>
{|'''Hedenstierna-Jonson Type II:3'''<br>|''''Chapes with an anthropomorphic figure''''<br>Hedenstierna- valign="top" id="Jonson splits this type into 5 Sub-groups [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A5 p.106]<br>*A - Chapes with animal-like features*B - Chapes with a human head*C - Chapes with an animal head like oval brooch P48*D - Chapes with a distorted or misinterpreted motif*Other - Chapes that don't fit any of the 4 above sub-groups''Currently unable to tie sub-group D to Androshchuk lists''<br><br> '''Andrshchuk Type 2'''<br>''''Beast in Borre Style 1"style with a mask in the middle''''<br>|width="100pt"| Androshchuk lists 20 finds of this type and dates them to c.970s-980s [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-118]<br><br> Odin as shape-shifting sorcerer and shaman. Protection. [FileHEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006B:Borre1p.jpg|thumb|100x150px|left321]<br>A small group of sword chapes combining Borre style decoration with a possible Christian motif - the Crucifixion. Possibly originated in Denmark. [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006B:p.315]<br>|width<br> === Borre Style 1a ===<gallery heights=170px mode="600ptPacked"style="text-align: left;">BM-Web Chape 1997,0102.1.jpg| ''England, Suffolk''{{evidenceBautzen chape.jpg|Art''Germany, Bautzen''Hedeby Sword Chape Borre.JPG|Literature''Germany, Hedeby''BM Gotland Chape.JPG|''Sweden, Änga''</gallery> ;Archaeology =*RussiaEngland:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 0 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]'':*Suffolk, UkraneEngland (British Museum BM 1997,0102. 2 1) Their are doubts over the origin of this chape. Similar to chape from Nimschuetz in northern Germany [[https://britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=63621&partId=1 British Museum Website]] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.46, p.268] *Denmark:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.268]'':*Roskilde. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A1 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.268] *Norway:''Paulsen lists 0 finds[PAULSEN 1953:p. 49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.9; p.268]'':*Steigen. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A5 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.9; p.268] *Iceland:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.268]'':*Lundur (Reykjavik National Museum 5251) [PAULSEN 1953:no.3, p.49] [ROESDAHL and & WILSON 1992:cat.310330] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [WOV 2003HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:catfig.43334.A3 p.106][ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.268] *SwedenGermany:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2, Birka3; p.268]'':*GotlandHedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:no. found in 1889 1; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:AN1909fig.954.A2 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.268] [SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]:*GermanyNimschuetz, Bautzen (Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Dresden D252/83) [ROESDAHL and & WILSON 1992:cat.263]Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B1 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.268] *IcelandSweden:''Paulsen lists 3 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.5, Lundur6,7; p. 49]; Androshchuk lists 6 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.12,13,14,15,16,17; pp.268-269]'':*Skane. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A7 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.15; p.268]:*Gäfle, Gästrikland (National Museum of Denmark NMD 1 find.9418) [PAULSEN 1953:no.6; p.49] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.14; p.268]:*Änga, possibly from Gotland (British Museum 1921,1101.318) [https://britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=64797&partId=1 British Museum Website] [PAULSEN 1953:no.7; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group C [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.5.C1 p.107] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.13; p.268]:*Amsberg-Sör. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A6 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.17; p.268]:*:* *Finland:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.8; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.268]'':*Huittinen [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.268] *Latvia:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953:p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7,8; p.268]'':* Āraiši. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A4 p.106] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.13] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7; p.268]:* Kristapinu. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A8 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.8; p.268] *Ukraine:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.10; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 3 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.18,19,20; p.269]'':*Korosten. (Historical Museum Moscow GIM 105009 2575/1) [ROESDAHL and & WILSON 1992:cat.330310] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B2 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.20; p.269] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.47, p.268]|Discusssion:*Cherson. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B3 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.19; p.269]}}:*Shestevica. [PAULSEN 1953:no.10; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B4 p.106] [WOV 2003:cat.4333] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.18; p.269] *Russia:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.9; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.10,11; p.268]'':*:*<br> === Borre Style 1b ===<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">Humberside chape.jpg|}''England, Humberside''</gallery> ;Archaeology*England:*Hull [MILLS 2001:p101 fig.V281] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.126]*Iceland:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6; p.268]'':*Ljárskógum (Reykjavik National Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:pp.49-50, No.4, fig.55] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group 'Others' [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.5.Others2 p.107] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:p.354 no.5072] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.126]<br> Androshchuk considers the Hull find to be a local product as in his words "The style of its decoration does not belong to the Scandinavian tradition..." [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.126]
== Borre Style 2 ==
9th'''Andrshchuk Type 3c'''<br>''''Bird/10th Century{||- valign="top" id="Beast in Borre Style 2"/Jelling/Mammen style''''<br>|width="100pt"| Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century [[FileANDROSHCHUK 2014:Borre2pp.jpg|thumb|100x150px|left15-118]]|width="600pt"| {{evidence|Art|Literature|Archaeology =*England, Hull [MILLS 2001:p101 fig.V281]*Iceland, Ljarskogar [SMITH 2003:p.354 no.5072]|Discusssion}}<br>|}<br>
=== Borre Style 3 2a ==={||- valign<gallery heights="top" id170px mode="Borre Style 3Packed"|widthstyle="100pt"| [[Filetext-align:R516.jpg|thumb|100x150px|left]]|width=;"600pt"| >{{evidence|Art|Literature|Archaeology |Discusssion}}|}== Jelling =={||- valign="top" id="Jelling"|width="100pt"| [[File:JellingR516.jpg|thumb|100x150px|left]]|width="600pt"| {{evidence|Art|Literature|Archaeology |Discusssion}}|}== Bird (Falcon) style ==''Otherwise known as the Norway, Rörvik'Birka Bird'. Dated from late C9th to early C11th although at its most popular in the first half of the C10th. Found mainly in Eastern Europe from Sweden to Byzantium''[HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006b:p]{||- valign="top" id="Jelling"|width="100pt"| [[File:L'lle de Groix Hedeby Sword Scabbard ChapeBorre Bird.jpgJPG|thumb|100x150px|left]]''Germany, Hedeby''|width="600pt"| {{evidence|Art|Literature|Archaeology |Discusssion}}|}</gallery>
==Other Styles=='''Paulsen's Type I.1'''<br>''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Scandinavian Group''''<br>Paulsen lists a total of 12 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953:pp.17-21]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Denmark
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.272]''
:*Hald, Ørslevkloster [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18] [PEDERSEN 2014B:cat.200 p.87, pl.28.5a] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.272]
:*Bjergene, Ballerup (National Museum of Denmark NMD C34512) [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.272] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.50, p.268]
:*Hareskovby, Sjaelland. [WOV 2003:cat.1118] ??? Not sure why this is not in Androshchuk? Mislabelled?
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.2,3; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5,6; p.272]''
:*Rörvik. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T1503) [[:File:R516.jpg|R516]]. [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=T1503 www.unimus.no T1503] [RYGH 1885:R516] [GRIEG 1947:no.5; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.18]
:*Kvalnes (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T2094) [GRIEG 1947:no.4; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.272]''
:*Tannstadabakka. [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [WOV 2003:cat.7097]
*Germany
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272]''
:*Hedeby. [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 7 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.5-11; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 8 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7-14; p.272]''
:*Peppinge, Valleberga, Skane. Bronze. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.18] [WOV 2003:p.1170]
=== Borre Style 2b ===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Gdynia-Oksywie Chape.jpg|''Poland, Gdynia-Oksywie''
</gallery>
'''Andrshchuk Type ? (Appendix Type 7)'''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the c.1050-early 12th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-118]<br>
Androshchuk lists a total of 6 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br>
''NOTE: The chapes listed under Type 7 on page 275 bears no resemblance to the description of Type 7 as being "Urnes" on page 118.
Androshchuk Type 7 description uses Paulsen's fig.184 [PAULSEN 1953:p.126] which Paulsen describes as "Gotland Runestone Animal Style." which contains 12 finds. It appears that there may be an error in Androshchuk regarding this type. For our purposes we're defining Andrshchuk Type 7 as listed on page 275.''<br>
<br>
'''Paulsen's Type I.1 - Variant'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Prussian Group''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 5 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953:pp.17-21]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Poland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.17; p.20]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.275]''
:*Gdynia-Oksywie [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [PAULSEN 1953:no.17; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.275]
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 4 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.13-16; p.20]; Androshchuk lists 4 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3-6; p.275]''
:*Linkuhnen, Grave 175 [PAULSEN 1953:no.13; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.275]
:*Lobertshoff [PAULSEN 1953:no.14; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.275]
:*Wiskiauten, Grave 170c [PAULSEN 1953:no.15; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.275]
:*Kathiten [PAULSEN 1953:no.16; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6; p.275]
<br>
A variation on this type only seemingly found in Poland is Janowski's type Ib2. Dated to 900-1025AD. [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [JANOWSKI 2007:p.157-159].<br>
<br>
==Borre Style 3==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Arb.5 8a.jpg|''Sweden, Birka''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.4'''<br>
''''Chapes with quadruped and Palmette motif''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 7 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953]:pp.54-55<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 4 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>
''''Borre interlaced Beast''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
Androshchuk lists a total of 10 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 5 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>
''''Single intertwined beast in Borre Style ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
NOTE: The example chape for Type 5 on page 117 appears in the appendix list as Type 4. The appendix Type 5 entries appear to be of type Paulsen I.1 - Variant.<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Belorussia
:*
*Iceland
:*Kirkjubolsdal [PAULSEN 1953:no.1 p.54] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3582 p.167] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.2 p.273]
*Sweden
:*Birka Grave 496 [ARBMAN 1940:pl.5 no.8] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4 p.54, fig.62] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.10 p.273]
:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.8 p.273]
:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.9 p.273]
*Finland
:* Kalmumäki [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.3 p.273]
:* [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.4 p.273]
*Latvia
:*Salaspils, Burg Holm (RDM 2301) [PAULSEN 1953:no.7 p.55] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.14] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5 p.273]
== Jelling Style 1==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
YM Scabbard Chape 1947.551.49 (7462).jpg|England, York
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.1'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Scandinavian group of the 10th century''''<br>
Paulsen breaks the total of 19 finds of this group into 2 sub groups: [PAULSEN 1953:pp.35-44]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 6a'''<br>
''''Single Beast in Jelling style''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
More usually found around the Baltic area. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980: cat.273.]. 19 examples found in 6 different countries (Denmark, Germany, Iceland, England, Sweden & Russia) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992].<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.273]''
:*York (Yorkshire Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:no.38, p.38] [ROESDAHL 1981:p.108 cat.YD41, p120] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.274] [WOV 2003:cat.3126] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3 p.275]
*Denmark
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.1,2; p.35]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.273]''
:*Selling Hedelod, Ødum, Jutland (National Museum of Denmark NMD C16418) [PAULSEN 1953:no.1, p.35] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.275] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.49, p.268]
:*Bornholm [PAULSEN 1953:no.2, p.35] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.275]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 0 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]''
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.4,5; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8,6a-9; p.273-274]''
:*Hafurbjarnarstodum. Gilded copper-alloy found with Petersen type S sword. AD 900–975 [GRIEG 1947:pl.XXVI.1] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.559 p.168] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273] [WOV 2003:cat.7091] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8; p.273]
:*Vestfirdir [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3048 p.146] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-9; p.274]
*Finland
:*Mäntsälä, Saari. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.275] [WOV 2003:cat.2808] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4 p.275]
:*Satakunta. [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:217] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.276]
<br>
The similarity of the decoration with that of Oval Brooch type P57 has been noted by Paulsen [PAULSEN 1953], Wilson and Klindt-Jensen [WILSON & KLINDT-JENSEN 1966: 100-1] and Graham-Campbell [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273].<br>
<br>
== Jelling Style 2==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Gjermundbu chape.jpg|''Norway, Gjermundbu''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.2 'Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Swedish group of the 10th century''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 9 finds of this group. [PAULSEN 1953:pp.45-47]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 6b'''<br>
''''Two intertwined beasts in Jelling Style ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]''
:*Chatburn [EDWARDS 1998:p.28] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*Gjermundbu. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo C27317) [GRIEG 1947]:no.2; p.32] Found with a Petersen type S sword [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] [WOV 2003:cat.3044, 5765] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 5 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Finland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
==Bird (Falcon) Style==
Otherwise known as the 'Birka Bird'. Dated from late C9th to early C11th although at its most popular in the first half of the C10th. Hedenstierna Jonson identifies 67 finds spread mainly in Eastern Europe from Sweden to Byzantium [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2006B:p.]
=== Bird (Falcon) Style 1===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Arb.5 7.jpg|''Norway''
L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|''France, L'lle de Groix''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type I.2a & I.2b'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>
Paulsen groups these into sub groups with a total of 9 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 3a'''<br>
''''bird''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*France
**[[:File:L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|L'Ile de Groix]]. [CHATELLIER & PONTOIS 1908] [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940] [GRIEG 1947: pl.XXVI.10] [WOV 2003:cat.5894]
*Norway
:*Maele, Gjerstad [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=B6983 B6983] [GRIEG 1947;no.3 p.32]
:*Hedmark [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=C31395b C31395b]
*Sweden
**Birka.
<br>
=== Bird (Falcon) Style 2===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type I.2c & I.2d'''<br>
''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>
Paulsen breaks this group into 2 sub groups with a total of 23 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 3b'''<br>
''''bird''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Sweden
**Astad, Öland. Eastern Influence 850AD – 950AD [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.442] [WOV 2003:cat.1909]
**Birka.
*Poland
**Wolin [WOV 2003:cat.986, 4555]
*Ukraine
**Kiev [WOV 2003:cat.4269]
<br>
The [http://travellingnorth.nl/home/blog/index.html travellingnorth.nl] blog has a good article about this kind of chape.<br>
<br>
== Eastern Style ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Hedeby Sword Chape Eastern.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*Germany
:*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum). Considered to be Eastern and was found in the harbour.[SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]
<!-- ==Eastern Styles==
<gallery>
File:Rucavas Lejas Chape.jpg|Janowski type V (Birds)
File:Myslecin Chape.jpg|Janowski type Va
File:Dabrowa Chape.jpg|Janowski type Vb
File:Gotland Chape.jpg|Janowski type VI (Gotland - Tree of Life)
</gallery>
<br> -->
== See Also ==
[[Sword Scabbards]]
== References ==
<nocite>{{Ref|Book=Androshchuk 2014}}GRAHAM{{Ref|Book=Arbman 1940}}{{Ref|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940}}{{Ref|Book=Cameron 2000}}{{Ref|Chatellier & Pontois 1908}}{{Ref|Book=Edwards 1998}}{{Ref|Book=Graham-CAMBELL1980Campbell 1980}}HEDENSTIERNA2006b{{Ref|Book=Grieg 1947}}ROESDHAHL1992{{Ref|Book=Hammond 2010}}WILSON1965{{Ref|Book=Hayeur Smith 2003}}</nocite>{{Ref|Book=Hedenstierna-Jonson 2002}}<biblio force{{Ref|Book=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio>Hedenstierna-Jonson 2006B}}{{Ref|Book=Janowski 2006}}{{Ref|Book=Janowski 2007}}{{Ref|Book=Mills 2001}}{{Ref|Book=Paulsen 1953}}{{Ref|Book=Pedersen 2014b}}{{Ref|Book=Roesdahl 1981}}{{Ref|Book=Roesdahl & Wilson 1992}}{{Ref|Book=Rygh 1885}}{{Ref|Book=Schietzel 2014}}{{Ref|Book=Williams 2014}}{{Ref|Book=Wilson & Klindt-Jensen 1966}}{{Ref|Book=WOV 2003}}{{Ref|Book=Von Carnap-Bornheim 2008}}
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:Weapons]]