{{stars2|Category = Weapons}}
{{TOClimit|3}}
{{Swords}}
'''Literature'''==The Evidence=====Art===----The following images show help to show how scabbards of the period may have worked.====Anglo-Saxon====<gallery mode=Packed heights=140px style="text-align:left;">London, British Library, MS Add. 49598, f095v Sword-b.JPG|AD 971-984 <br>[[:Category:London, British Library, MS Add. 49598|BL Add. 49598 f.95v]]* Umgerð or umgjorð – used for a complete scabbard (DAVIDSON 1962London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius B V, pf039r Sword.187)JPG|AD 1025-1050<br> [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius B V|BL Cott. Tib. B V f.39r]]* Skálpr – a less frequent term to describe a bag or cover and probably refers to the leather sheath (DAVIDSON 1962London, pBritish Library, MS Harley 2506, f041r Sword.JPG|AD 980-1000<br>[[:Category:London, British Library, MS Harley 2506|BL Harl. 2506 f.187)41r]]* SkeiðirLondon, slidrar or spænir – refer to the two wooden sides British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius B V, f085v Sword.JPG|AD 1025-1050<br> [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius B V|BL Cott. Tib. B V f.85r]]London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI f.08v Sword.JPG|AD 1050<br> [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI|BL Cott. Tib. C. VI f.8v]]London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI f.09r Sword.JPG|AD 1050<br> [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI|BL Cott. Tib. C. VI f.9r]]London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI f.10v Sword.JPG|AD 1050<br> [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI|BL Cott. Tib. C. VI f.10v]]</gallery> ====Summary of the scabbard (DAVIDSON 1962Swords from Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts===={| class="wikitable sortable"|-! Manuscript !! Date !! Total No.<br>of Swords !! of which<br>are held<br>at waist !! Total No.<br>of Scabbards !! of which<br>look like<br>baldrics !! of which<br>look like<br>sword belts|-| [[:Category:London, pBritish Library, MS Add.187)49598|BL Add. 49598]] || 971-984 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 1|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Harley 2506|BL Harl. 2506]] || 980-1000 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Cleopatra C VIII|BL Cott. Cleo. C VIII]] || 980-1000 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Arundel 155|BL Arund. 155]] || 1012-1023 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius B V|BL Cott. Tib. B V]] || 1025-1050 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 1|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Claudius B IV |BL Cott. Clau. B. IV]] || 1025-1050|| 155 || 31 || 4 || 1 || 2|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Stowe 944 |BL Stow. 944]] || 1031 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0|-| [[:Category:London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI|BL Cott. Tib. C. VI]] || 1050 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 |} ====Carolingian and Ottonian====<gallery mode=Packed heights=140px style="text-align:left;">BL. Harl. 647 f08r.JPG|AD 800-899 <br> BL. Harl. 647 f08rBNF Lat. 266.JPG|AD 849-851 <br>BNF Lat. 266BNF Lat. 8085 f059r.JPG|AD 800-899 <br>BNF Lat. 8085 f059rBNF Lat. 8318 f060v.JPG|AD 800-899 <br>BNF Lat. 8318 f060vBNF Lat. 8318 f062r.JPG|AD 800-899 <br>BNF Lat. 8318 f062rRome, San paolo fuori le Mura, b.JPG|AD 869-870 <br>Rome, San paolo Rome, San paolo fuori le Mura, f.118v.JPG|AD 869-870 <br>Rome, San paolo f118vRome, San paolo fuori le Mura,.JPG|AD 869-870 <br>Rome, San paolo St. Gallen Cod.22 039b.JPG|AD 883-900 <br>St. Gallen Cod.22 039St. Gallen Cod.22 075.JPG|AD 883-900 <br>St. Gallen Cod.22 075St. Gallen Cod.22 141.JPG|AD 883-900 <br>St. Gallen Cod.22 141</gallery> ====Norman====<gallery mode=Packed heights=140px style="text-align:left;"></gallery>
<br>
===Literature===
----
* Words for Scabbards
** Umgerð or umgjorð – used for a complete scabbard [DAVIDSON 1962: p.187]
** Skálpr – a less frequent term to describe a bag or cover and probably refers to the leather sheath [DAVIDSON 1962: p.187]
** Skeiðir, slidrar or spænir – refer to the two wooden sides of the scabbard [DAVIDSON 1962: p.187]
* Quotes from primary evidence
**
<br>
===Archaeology===
----
Scabbards seem to be predominately made up of 4 layer:
* Lining -
* Core -
* Wrapping -
* Cover -
This is probably an over simplification and more information can be found in the Construction section.<br>
<br>
====England====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Location!!Date!!Lining!!Core!!Wrapping!!Covering!!Type!!Associated<br>Sword!!Notes!! Reference
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/3 (638)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (32cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MACGREGOR 1982: cat.638 pp.142-143,163] [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3527] [CAMERON 2000: cat.219]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/3 (641)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (17cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MACGREGOR 1982: cat.641 p.163] [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3527] [CAMERON 2000: cat.217]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15544)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (19cm)
| Type= York Type 1
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000: cat.158]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15545)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (42cm)
| Type= York Type 1
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000:cat.186]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15546)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (66cm)
| Type= York Type 1
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000:cat.143]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15547)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (25cm)
| Type= York Type 1
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000:cat.157]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15548)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (25cm)
| Type= York Type 2
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000:cat.154]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15549)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (40cm)
| Type= York Type 3
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000:cat.152]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15550)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (38cm)
| Type= York Type 3
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3494] [CAMERON 2000:cat.250]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15837)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (25cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes= 4 fragments from possibly more than one scabbard
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3513]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15856)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (55cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3518] [CAMERON 2000: cat.372]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15894)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= almost complete (70cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3528] [CAMERON 2000: cat.213]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15895)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (48cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3528] [CAMERON 2000: cat.212]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= York
| Number= AY17/16 (15896)
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragment of leather (18cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3528] [CAMERON 2000: cat.211]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Sommerset, Bath, Upper Borough Wall
| Number=
| Date= C10th
| Lining= animal hair
| Core= fragments of wood
| Wrapping= remains of textile
| Cover= fragment of leather
| Type=
| Sword= curved guard, probably C10th
| Notes=
| Reference= [OWEN & DALLAND 1999: p.112] [CAMERON 2000:cat.326]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Oxfordshire, Crowmarsh
| Number=
| Date= C10th / C11th
| Lining= mineralised skin and hair
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover=
| Type=
| Sword= curved guard, probably C10th / C11th
| Notes=
| Reference= [CAMERON 2000:cat.327]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Gloucester, 1 Westgate Street
| Number=
| Date= C9th
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= almost complete (78cm)
| Type=
| Sword= -
| Notes= Opening curved (80mm wide). Seam edge/flesh stitch along the edge. Impression of a stiffener visible on the inside, the top of which is 85mm from the top. A 15mm slit is on either side of the impression.
| Reference= [GOUDGE 1979: p.196] [CAMERON 2000:cat.328]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= London, Palace of Westminster
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core= traces of oak
| Wrapping=
| Cover=
| Type=
| Sword= dated to AD 800
| Notes=
| Reference= [CAMERON 2000:cat.329]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Lincoln, Fiskerton
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core= traces of wood
| Wrapping=
| Cover=
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes=
| Reference= [WILSON 1965:p.33-35] [CAMERON 2000:cat.330]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Durham, Saddler Street
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragments of leather
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes= butted seam on the back face
| Reference= [CAMERON 2000:cat.333]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Derbyshire, Repton
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining= animal hair
| Core= traces of wood
| Wrapping=
| Cover= fragments of leather
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes=
| Reference= [MOULD, CARLISLE & CAMERON 2003:p.3365] [BIDDLE & KJOLBYE-BIDDLE 1992] [CAMERON 2000:cat.334]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Cumwhitton Grave 3 (901)
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core=
| Wrapping=
| Cover=
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes= 16mm leather strap. Assumed to be from a baldric.
| Reference= [PATERSON 2014:p.136, 232]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Cumwhitton Grave 4 (900)
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining= animal hair
| Core= traces of wood
| Wrapping=
| Cover= textile spiral binding over the leather cover
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes= The textile spiral binding started at the mouth and extended 11cm down the scabbard. Trace of fine cord immediately below. Possibly English design?
| Reference= [PATERSON 2014:p.136, 226, 231]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Cumwhitton Grave 5 (880)
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining= animal hair
| Core= traces of poplar
| Wrapping=
| Cover= leather
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes=
| Reference= [PATERSON 2014:p.136, 226, 231]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= England
| Location= Cumwhitton Grave 6
| Number=
| Date=
| Lining=
| Core= traces of willow
| Wrapping=
| Cover= textile spiral binding over the leather cover
| Type=
| Sword=
| Notes= The textile spiral binding started at the mouth and extended 8cm down the scabbard. Possibly English design?
| Reference= [PATERSON 2014:p.136, 226, 231]
}}
|}
====Isle of Man====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Location!!Date!!Lining!!Core!!Wrapping!!Covering!!Type!!Associated<br>Sword!!Notes!! Reference
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= Isle of Man
| Location= Ballateare
| Number=
| Date= AD 880-920
| Lining= textile
| Core= wood
| Wrapping= closely woven textile
| Cover= leather
| Type=
| Sword= Petersen Type V
| Notes=
| Reference= [BERSU & WILSON 1966:p.52-54]
| image= [[File:Manx Ballateare Sword.JPG|x100px]] [[File:Manx Ballateare Sword detail.JPG|x100px]]
}}
{{Table Scabbard
| Country= Isle of Man
| Location= Cronk Moar
| Number=
| Date= AD 880-920
| Lining= textile
| Core= wood
| Wrapping= closely woven textile
| Cover= leather decorated with a raised moulding
| Type=
| Sword= [[Swords_of_Type_III_found_in_Britain#Isle of Man, Jurby: Cronk Moar|Petersen Type S]]
| Notes=
| Reference= [BERSU & WILSON 1966: p.72]
| image= [[File:Manx-Sword_Cronk_Moar.jpg|x100px]] [[File:Manx-Sword_Cronk_Moar_Scabbard_fitting.jpg|x100px]]
}}
|}
==== Scotland====
* Sutherland, Balnakiel. Wooden scabbard wrapped with textile. The associated sword was probably an undercoated Petersen type H with a grip bound with horizontal binding of S-plied yarn. [BATEY & PATERSON 2012:p.637-641]
* Scar, Orkney. 2 thin laths of wood, either side of the blade and lined with sheepskin or similar. All wrapped in textile. There were no metal fittings associated with the scabbard or any evidence of a leather cover. The associated sword was probably a Petersen type H.[OWEN & DALLAND 1999: p.109-112]
====Ireland====
* Dublin <br>There are 53 fragmentary scabbards from Dublin. Two of which are nearly complete.
** DLS 268 18cm remains of leather scabbard cover (AD 1050-1100). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
** DLS 269 32cm remains of embossed leather scabbard cover (AD 1050-1100). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
** DLS 270 27cm remains of leather scabbard cover (AD 1050-1075). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
** DLS 271 fragments of leather cover, pelt hair and wood. Pelt hair found between two laths of wood (1.2mm thick) (AD ?). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
** DLS 272 42cm remains of embossed leather scabbard cover (AD 1000-1100). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
** DLS 273 44cm remains of embossed leather (calf) scabbard cover (AD 1035-1055). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
** DLs 274 28cm remains of embossed leather scabbard cover (AD 1025-1075). [CAMERON 2007:p.127]
====Denmark====
* Hedeby (from the Harbour) <br> 12 swords were recovered from the Harbour at Hedeby. 10 of these had partial remains of scabbards still attached. [HAGG 1991: p.248-268]
** Sword 1 - Wooden scabbard of oak. Plied construction. Lined in animal fur. Covered in two layers of leather.<br> The outer horizontal top layer of wood may be of very thin wood or bast (possibly used to bind instead of textile?). The outer layer of leather has 3 diamond cut outs down its front. Two rows, 3cm apart, of decorative metal rivets was located in the area of the top mount. [HAGG 1991: p.248-257, p.265]
** Sword 2 - Wooden scabbard of beech. Possible leather covering.
** Sword 3 - Wooden scabbard of alder. Plied construction.
** Sword 4 - Wooden scabbard of beech. Lined in animal fur. Bound in cloth. Covered in leather.
** Sword 5 - Wooden scabbard of beech. Lined in animal fur. Covered in two layers of leather.
** Sword 6 - Wooden scabbard of alder. Possible leather covering.
** Sword 7 - Wooden scabbard of maple. Bound in cloth.
** Sword 9 - Not enough remains.
** Sword 11 - Wooden scabbard of alder. Lined in animal fur. Covered in leather.
** Sword 12 - Wooden scabbard. Plied construction. Lined in animal fur. Bound in cloth. Covered in leather.
* Hedeby (from the Graves)
====Germany====
*Essen Minster
** Covered in stamped gold (late C10-11th). [CAMPBELL 1982:p.171].
*Cleverns [BATEY & PATERSON 2012:p.639]
*Schortens [BATEY & PATERSON 2012:p.639]
====Sweden====
*Birka <br> 35 swords have been found in graves in Birka. 30 have been a Petersen Typology and 13 have associated remains of a scabbard.
** Bj.514 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940A:p.153-154, fig.102, 103]
** Bj.520 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type Y. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf. 3:2]
** Bj.324a Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type V. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf. 3:4]
** Bj.542 Traces of a wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf. 2:1]
** Bj.644 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14]
** Bj.736 Traces of a wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf. 2:3]
** Bj.750 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14]
** Bj.832 Traces of a wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type Y. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf. 3:1]
** Bj.834 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type X. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940A:fig. 253]
** Bj.842 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14]
** Bj.942 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type St ?.[ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940:Taf. 1:1]
** Bj.944 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14] [ARBMAN 1940A:fig. 321]
** Bj.957 Wooden scabbard for a sword of Petersen type H. [ARWIDSSON 1986:p.14]
====France====
* Saint-Denis
** (c.869) [MONTEMBAULT 1998: p.60]
==Scabbard hanging styles==
'''Art'''<br>
* [[T-M#T98|T98]] BL, Cott. Tib. C vi f.8v, 9r c.1050AD
<gallery>
London, British Library, MS Cotton Tiberius C VI, fol.9r.jpg
</gallery>
'''Literature'''<br>
*A ‘rich baldric’ is mentioned in a Latin will dated to 867AD [DAVIDSON 1962: p.119]
*Fetill – baldric [DAVIDSON 1962: p.188]
'''Archaeology'''<br>
--:[[#Riveted straps style|Riveted straps style]] Scabbards are most probably hung from baldrics. The [[#Strap slide style|Strap slide style]] scabbard is also likely to be designed to hang from a baldric.<br>
'''Discussion'''<br>
Baldrics seem to have been the most common way of suspending a sword scabbard up until about 1050AD. <br>
<br>
--<br>
'''Archaeology''' <br>
*Gloucester, 1 Westgate Street (9th century): One scabbard found. 780mm long, but dammaged at the chape end, so original length unknown. Opening curved and 80mm wide with a edge/flesh stitch along the edge. Made of one piece of leather and sewn down one side. Impression of a stiffner visible on the inside, the top of which is 85mm from the top of the scabbard. No rivet holes. A 15mm slit is on either side of the impression. Scabbard was probably lined with soft leather or fur. [GOUDGE 1979: p.196]
--<br>
'''Discussion''' <br>
=== Embossed ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* The Hiberno-Norse burial at Cronk Moar, Isle of Man had a scabbard with a leather outer decorated with a raised moulding [BERSU and & WILSON 1966: p.72].
* Dublin C11th scabbards with moulding.
<br>
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* A leather scabbard from Hedeby has 3 diamonds down its front created by two layers of leather [HAGG 1991: 265]
<br>
== Scabbard suspension styles ==
=== Strap slide style ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* York
* Glouster
* Hedeby
* Birka
<br>
=== Riveted straps style ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* Isle of Man (BERSU and WILSON 1966)
<br>
=== Laced style ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
<br>
=== Scabbard remains of unknown hanging arrangement ===
'''Archaeology'''<br>
* Scar [OWEN and DALLAND 1999: p.109-112]
* Saint-Denis, France, c.869 [MONTEMBAULT 1998: p.60]
<br>
== References ==
{{Ref|Arbman 1940a}}<nocite>{{Ref|Arbman 1940}}BERSU1966{{Ref|Arwidsson 1986}}CAMPBELL1982{{Ref|Batey & Paterson 2012}}DAVIDSON1962{{Ref|Bersu & Wilson 1966}}HAGG1991{{Ref|Biddle & Kjolbye-Biddle 1992}}HEDENSTIERNA2006b{{Ref|Cameron 2000}}MONTEMBAULT1998{{Ref|Cameron 2007}}OAKESHOTT1991{{Ref|Campbell 1982}}OWEN1999{{Ref|Davidson 1962}}GOUDGE1979{{Ref|Goudge 1979}}</nocite>{{Ref|Hagg 1991}}<biblio force=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio>{{Ref|Hedenstierna-Jonson 2006B}}{{Ref|Macgregor 1982}}{{Ref|Montembault 1998}}{{Ref|Mould, Carlisle & Cameron 2003}}{{Ref|Oakeshott 1991}}{{Ref|Owen & Dalland 1999}}{{Ref|Paterson 2014}}
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:Weapons]]