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Swords

2,549 bytes added, 18:27, 25 September 2019
/* Norway (2,500+) */
{{MajorRef|Peirce 2002}}
A large number of swords from the Viking Age have been found including at least 2,500 swords just from Norway [PEDERSEN 2008HJARDAR & VIKE 2016:p.168]. Viking Age swords vary from the plain to the most lusciously ornate. Swords are influenced from a number of countries, including Norway, Germany, Denmark, France and England. With each country contributing their own aesthetic to the decoration of their swords. Swords travelled widely across Europe with examples of many types appearing all over western Europe.
==Previous Published Research==
<br>
===Denmark (93+100 Approximately) 'including Scania & Schleswig'===
:*{{ListRef|Pedersen 2014a}}
::93 listed finds from secure Danish graves. Denmark for the purposes of this study includes Scania and Schleswig.
::Petersen Types: Ax2; Mainham.x2; H/Ix9; Mainham/Speyer.x1; Kx3; Lx1; Mx3; Nx2; Ox1; Qx1; Sx8; Vx11; Xx10; Yx1 Zx1 Seax.x4 Unknown.x33 [PEDERSEN 2014B:pp.128-130]
::In addition to the burial finds Pedersen mentions a number of other non burial finds.
::Mainham.x3 (2 from Hedeby); Hx2; [PEDERSEN 2014A:pp.73-82]
<br>
===Norway (2,500+)===
:*{{ListRef|Petersen 1919}}
::Petersen catalogued 1440 swords and created a typology that is still the primary typology today.
::Ax8; ''Sp1x2;'' Bx22; Cx110; Dx11; Ex31; Fx18; Gx4; ''Sp2x1; Sp3x1; Sp4x2; Sp5x1; Sp6x1; Sp7x1;'' Hx213; Ix16; Kx13; ''Sp8x1; Sp9x1; Sp10x1; Sp11x1; Sp12x1;'' Lx14; Mx198; ''Sp13x2; Sp14x1; Sp15x1; Sp16x1;'' Nx7; Ox32; Px7; Qx122; Rx8; Sx22; Tx6; Ux8; Vx6; Wx8; Xx49; Yx19; '' Sp17x2; Sp18x2; Sp19x1; Sp20x2;'' Zx6; Æx16; [PETERSEN 1919]
:*''Jakobsson (1992) Krigarideologi och vikingatida svärdstypologi.''
::Jakobsson has categorised 1773 swords from Norway into 6 type. There may be some more that he classed as ''Unclassifiable'' but we don't know how many.
:*{{ListRef|Androshchuk 2014}}
::Androshchuk has catalogued 832 swords from Sweden & Denmark. Below are the finds from modern Sweden excluding Scania (which is included in Denmarks numbers)
::Petersen Types: Sp1x2; Sp2x12; Ax6; Bx29; Cx3; Dx3; Ex41; Fx2; Gx1; H/Ix242; Kx1; Lx7; Mx10; Nx8; Ox3; Qx6; Sx6; Tx1; Vx16; Wx3; Xx36; Yx18; Zx22; Sp1x2; Sp2x11; Untypicalx16; Unknownx139 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp246pp.35-99, 246-267]
<br>
===Iceland (22)===:*''Eldjárn (1956) Kuml og haugfé : úr heiðnum sið á Íslandi '' in Androshchuk 2014 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp189-190]:*''Friðriksson (2000) Viking Burial Practices in Iceland'' in Androshchuk 2014 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp189-190]
<br>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; background-color:#FFFFFF;"
! Rygh <br> 1885 !! Petersen <br> 1919 !! Wheeler <br> 1927 !! Oakeshott <br> 1960 !! Jakobsson <br> 1992 !! Jones <br> 2002 !! Hjardar &<br>Vike 2016 !! Compendium <br> Type !! Characteristics
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type I''' For more about Type I swords see '[[Swords of Type I found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R493.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 493]] Rygh 493
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"| ''Unclassifiable''
|<!--2002--> 800-850
|<!--2016--> 800-850
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_f.jpg|none|100px|Type F]] Type F
|<!--Char--> style="text-align:left;" |
|<!--1919--> '''Type G'''<br>Mainly single edged
|<!--2002--> 790-850
|<!--2016--> 800-850
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_g.jpg|none|100px|Type G]] Type G
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="4"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott I.jpg|none|50px|Type 4]] Design principle 4 <br>''absenting pommel''
|<!--2002--> 850-975
|<!--2016--> 850-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_m.jpg|none|100px|Type M]] Type M
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type P'''<br>
|<!--2002--> 850-975
|<!--2016--> 900-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_p.jpg|none|100px|Type P]] Type P
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type Q'''<br>122 finds
|<!--2002--> 900-1025
|<!--2016--> 925-1025
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_q.jpg|none|100px|Type Q]] Type Q
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type AE'''
|<!--2002--> 1000-1100
|<!--2016--> 1000-1100
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_ae.jpg|none|100px|Type AE]] Type AE
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type II''' For more about Type II swords see '[[Swords of Type II found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="5"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott II.jpg|none|50px|Type 1]] Design principle 1 <br>''triangular pommel''
|<!--2002--> 700-800
|<!--2016--> 700-810
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_a.jpg|none|100px|Type A]] '''Type A'''
|<!--Char--> style="text-align:left;" |
|<!--1919--> '''Type B''' <br> 22 Norwegian finds
|<!--2002--> 750-820
|<!--2016--> 730-825
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_b.jpg|none|100px|Type B]] '''Type B'''
|<!--Char--> style="text-align:left;" |
Blade: 37% single-edged. 9% pattern-welded. No inscriptions. [PETERSEN 1919]<br>
Hilt: Plain iron fittings. Tang goes through the upper guard & pommel. Guards are short, high, ridged and slightly bulge in the middle .<br>Origin: Petersen and Androshchuk suggest that this type is Frankish.
|-
|<!--1919--> '''Type C''' <br> 110 Norwegian finds
|<!--2002--> 800-900
|<!--2016--> 800-870
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_c.jpg|none|100px|Type C]] '''Type C'''
|<!--Char-->style="text-align:left;" |
Blade: 61% single-edged. None are pattern-welded. A few with inscriptions in Norwegian runes. [PETERSEN 1919]<br>
Hilt: No separate upper guard. Plain iron fittings. Tang goes through the pommel. Lower guards and pommel are short, high, ridged and of uniform width.<br>
Origin: Petersen and Androshchuk suggest that this is local Scandinavian copy of the Carolingian Type B.<br>Amongst the heaviest of Viking Age swords.
|-
|<!--1919--> '''Type H''' <br> 213 finds <br> 22% single edged
|<!--2002--> 775-960
|<!--2016--> 775-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_h.jpg|none|100px|Type H]] Type H
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type I''' <br>
|<!--2002-->
|<!--2016--> 850-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_i.jpg|none|100px|Type I]] Type I
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type III''' For more about Type III swords see '[[Swords of Type III found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R506.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 506]] Rygh 506
|<!--1992--> rowspan="5"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott III.jpg|none|50px|Type 2]] Design principle 2 <br>''three-lobed pommel''
|<!--2002--> 800-850
|<!--2016--> 800-850
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_d.jpg|none|100px|Type D]] Type D
|<!--Char-->style="text-align:left;" |Blade: <br>Hilt: <br>Origin: Origin: Petersen and Androshchuk suggest that this type is Frankish.
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R492.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 492]] Rygh 492
|<!--1919--> '''Type E''' <br> 19% single edged
|<!--2002--> 860-920
|<!--2016--> 800-900
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_e.jpg|none|100px|Type E]] Type E
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type R'''
|<!--2002--> 925-975
|<!--2016--> 925-1000
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_r.jpg|none|100px|Type R]] Type R
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type S''' <br> 22 or 25 finds?
|<!--2002--> 930-1000
|<!--2016--> 930-1010
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_s.jpg|none|100px|Type S]] Type S
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> Type T
|<!--2002--> 940-1020
|<!--2016--> 950-1025
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_t.jpg|none|100px|Type T]] Type T
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="79"|'''Type IV''' For more about Type IV swords see '[[Swords of Type IV found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R511.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 511]] Rygh 511
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott IV.jpg|none|50px|Type 2]] Design principle 3 <br>''five and more-lobed pommel''
|<!--2002--> 780-890
|<!--2016--> 790-900
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_k.jpg|none|100px|Type K]] Type K
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type O'''
|<!--2002--> 890-950
|<!--2016--> 875-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_o.jpg|none|100px|Type O]] Type O
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type V''' For more about Type V swords see '[[Swords of Type V found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R505.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 505]] Rygh 505
|<!--1992--> [[File:Sword Oakeshott VI.jpg|none|50px|Type 5]] Design principle 5 <br>''curved guard''
|<!--2002--> 850-975
|<!--2016--> 850-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_l.jpg|none|100px|Type L]] Type L
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type VI''' For more about Type VI swords see '[[Swords of Type VI found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"|[[File:Sword Oakeshott VI.jpg|none|50px|Type 5]] Design principle 5 <br>''curved guard''
|<!--2002-->
|<!--2016-->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_lv.jpg|none|100px|Type Lv]] Type Lv
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type Z'''
|<!--2002--> 1000
|<!--2016--> 975-1050
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_z.jpg|none|100px|Type Z]] Type Z
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type VII''' For more about Type VII swords see '[[Swords of Type VII found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R495.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 495]] Rygh 495 ?
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| ''Unclassifiable''
|<!--2002--> 830-880
|<!--2016--> 850-900
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_n.jpg|none|100px|Type N]] Type N
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott III.jpg|none|50px|Type 2]] Design principle 2 <br>''three-lobed pommel''
|<!--2002--> 900-1000
|<!--2016--> 925-990
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_u.jpg|none|100px|Type U]] Type U
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type V'''
|<!--2002--> 925-950
|<!--2016--> 900-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_v.jpg|none|100px|Type V]] Type V
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="3"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott V.jpg|none|50px|Type 6]] Design principle 6 <br>''single-pieced pommel''
|<!--2002--> 900-960
|<!--2016--> 900-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_w.jpg|none|100px|Type W]] Type W
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type X early''' <br> ‘Tea Cosy’ <br> 9 found
|<!--2002--> 850-1050?
|<!--2016--> 925->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_xe.jpg|none|100px|Type Xe]] Type Xe
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type X late''' <br> 40 found <br> AD 950-1050
|<!--2002--> 950 ->
|<!--2016--> ? ->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_xl.jpg|none|100px|Type Xl]] Type Xl
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type VIII''' For more about Type VIII swords see '[[Swords of Type VIII and IX found in Britain|Swords of Type VIII found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| ''Not included''
|<!--2002--> AD 950 ->
|<!--2016-->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_viii.jpg|none|100px|Type VIII]] Type VIII
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type IX''' For more about Type IX swords see '[[Swords of Type VIII and IX found in Britain|Swords of Type IX found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott IX.jpg|none|50px|Type 4]] Design principle 4 <br>''absenting pommel''
|<!--2002--> 900-1100
|<!--2016--> 925-1100
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_y.jpg|none|100px|Type Y]] Type Y
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="79"|'''Type Disc''' For more about Type Disc swords see '[[Swords of Type Disc found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| ''Not included''
|<!--2002--> 1025 ->
|<!--2016-->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_Disc.jpg|none|100px|Type Disc]] Type Disc
|<!--Char-->
===Methods of attaching the Pommel===
Two main Geibig has categorised three methods of attaching hilt construction as described by Androshchuk [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.187-188].<br> ====Tang goes through the upper guard and pommel to the rest of the ====''Sword types: B, Sp2''<br>This hilt fittings seem to have been deployedof these swords in constructed in two parts with a separate pommel sitting atop an upper guard. <br>The tang passes straight through the grip, upper guard and pommel and is then simply peened over. ====Tang goes through the upper guard. Pommel riveted to an upper guard====''Sword types: Sp1, H, K, N.''<br>The pommel is hilt of these swords in constructed in two partswith a separate pommel sitting atop an upper guard. <br>The tang passes through the upper guard and is then peened over. The separate pommel is then attached by two more rivets that are peened over under the upper guard.  ====directly to Tang goes through the grippommel or upper guard====''Sword types: C, M, X, Y.''<br>The hilt of these swords has either a pommel or an upper guard.<br>The tang passes straight through the grip and pommel , or grip and upper guard, and is then simply peened over.
<br>
 
<br>
 
===Hilt Materials===
====Hilt fittings of plain iron====The vast majority ''Sword types: A, B, C, F, G, M, N, Q, X, Y, AE.''<br>Many types of sword have fittings that are simply made of plain iron.<br> ====Hilt fittings of inlaid iron====''Sword types: D, E, H, I, K, L, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z.''<br><br> 
====Hilt fittings of copper alloy====
''Sword types: ''<br>
<br>
 
====Hilt fittings of bone or antler====
MacGregor argues that the ability of bone and antler to withstand even quite savage blows should not be underestimated. [MACGREGOR 1985: p.165]<br>
{{Ref|Harris, Cobb, Gray & Richardson 2011}}
{{Ref|Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014}}
{{Ref|Hjardar & Vike 2016}}
{{Ref|Jones 2002}}
{{Ref|Laking 1920}}
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