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Swords

2,461 bytes added, 18:27, 25 September 2019
/* Norway (2,500+) */
<br>
===Norway (2,500+)===
:*{{ListRef|Petersen 1919}}
::Petersen catalogued 1440 swords and created a typology that is still the primary typology today.
::Ax8; ''Sp1x2;'' Bx22; Cx110; Dx11; Ex31; Fx18; Gx4; ''Sp2x1; Sp3x1; Sp4x2; Sp5x1; Sp6x1; Sp7x1;'' Hx213; Ix16; Kx13; ''Sp8x1; Sp9x1; Sp10x1; Sp11x1; Sp12x1;'' Lx14; Mx198; ''Sp13x2; Sp14x1; Sp15x1; Sp16x1;'' Nx7; Ox32; Px7; Qx122; Rx8; Sx22; Tx6; Ux8; Vx6; Wx8; Xx49; Yx19; '' Sp17x2; Sp18x2; Sp19x1; Sp20x2;'' Zx6; Æx16; [PETERSEN 1919]
:*''Jakobsson (1992) Krigarideologi och vikingatida svärdstypologi.''
::Jakobsson has categorised 1773 swords from Norway into 6 type. There may be some more that he classed as ''Unclassifiable'' but we don't know how many.
:*{{ListRef|Androshchuk 2014}}
::Androshchuk has catalogued 832 swords from Sweden & Denmark. Below are the finds from modern Sweden excluding Scania (which is included in Denmarks numbers)
::Petersen Types: Sp1x2; Sp2x12; Ax6; Bx29; Cx3; Dx3; Ex41; Fx2; Gx1; H/Ix242; Kx1; Lx7; Mx10; Nx8; Ox3; Qx6; Sx6; Tx1; Vx16; Wx3; Xx36; Yx18; Zx22; Sp1x2; Sp2x11; Untypicalx16; Unknownx139 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp246pp.35-99, 246-267]
<br>
===Iceland (22)===:*''Eldjárn (1956) Kuml og haugfé : úr heiðnum sið á Íslandi '' in Androshchuk 2014 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp189-190]:*''Friðriksson (2000) Viking Burial Practices in Iceland'' in Androshchuk 2014 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp189-190]
<br>
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; background-color:#FFFFFF;"
! Rygh <br> 1885 !! Petersen <br> 1919 !! Wheeler <br> 1927 !! Oakeshott <br> 1960 !! Jakobsson <br> 1992 !! Jones <br> 2002 !! Hjardar &<br>Vike 2016 !! Compendium <br> Type !! Characteristics
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type I''' For more about Type I swords see '[[Swords of Type I found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R493.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 493]] Rygh 493
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"| ''Unclassifiable''
|<!--2002--> 800-850
|<!--2016--> 800-850
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_f.jpg|none|100px|Type F]] Type F
|<!--Char--> style="text-align:left;" |
|<!--1919--> '''Type G'''<br>Mainly single edged
|<!--2002--> 790-850
|<!--2016--> 800-850
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_g.jpg|none|100px|Type G]] Type G
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="4"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott I.jpg|none|50px|Type 4]] Design principle 4 <br>''absenting pommel''
|<!--2002--> 850-975
|<!--2016--> 850-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_m.jpg|none|100px|Type M]] Type M
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type P'''<br>
|<!--2002--> 850-975
|<!--2016--> 900-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_p.jpg|none|100px|Type P]] Type P
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type Q'''<br>122 finds
|<!--2002--> 900-1025
|<!--2016--> 925-1025
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_q.jpg|none|100px|Type Q]] Type Q
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type AE'''
|<!--2002--> 1000-1100
|<!--2016--> 1000-1100
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_ae.jpg|none|100px|Type AE]] Type AE
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type II''' For more about Type II swords see '[[Swords of Type II found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="5"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott II.jpg|none|50px|Type 1]] Design principle 1 <br>''triangular pommel''
|<!--2002--> 700-800
|<!--2016--> 700-810
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_a.jpg|none|100px|Type A]] '''Type A'''
|<!--Char--> style="text-align:left;" |
|<!--1919--> '''Type B''' <br> 22 Norwegian finds
|<!--2002--> 750-820
|<!--2016--> 730-825
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_b.jpg|none|100px|Type B]] '''Type B'''
|<!--Char--> style="text-align:left;" |
Blade: 37% single-edged. 9% pattern-welded. No inscriptions. [PETERSEN 1919]<br>
Hilt: Plain iron fittings. Tang goes through the upper guard & pommel. Guards are short, high, ridged and slightly bulge in the middle .<br>Origin: Petersen and Androshchuk suggest that this type is Frankish.
|-
|<!--1919--> '''Type C''' <br> 110 Norwegian finds
|<!--2002--> 800-900
|<!--2016--> 800-870
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_c.jpg|none|100px|Type C]] '''Type C'''
|<!--Char-->style="text-align:left;" |
Blade: 61% single-edged. None are pattern-welded. A few with inscriptions in Norwegian runes. [PETERSEN 1919]<br>
Hilt: No separate upper guard. Plain iron fittings. Tang goes through the pommel. Lower guards and pommel are short, high, ridged and of uniform width.<br>
Origin: Petersen and Androshchuk suggest that this is local Scandinavian copy of the Carolingian Type B.<br>Amongst the heaviest of Viking Age swords.
|-
|<!--1919--> '''Type H''' <br> 213 finds <br> 22% single edged
|<!--2002--> 775-960
|<!--2016--> 775-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_h.jpg|none|100px|Type H]] Type H
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type I''' <br>
|<!--2002-->
|<!--2016--> 850-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_i.jpg|none|100px|Type I]] Type I
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type III''' For more about Type III swords see '[[Swords of Type III found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R506.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 506]] Rygh 506
|<!--1992--> rowspan="5"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott III.jpg|none|50px|Type 2]] Design principle 2 <br>''three-lobed pommel''
|<!--2002--> 800-850
|<!--2016--> 800-850
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_d.jpg|none|100px|Type D]] Type D
|<!--Char-->style="text-align:left;" |Blade: <br>Hilt: <br>Origin: Origin: Petersen and Androshchuk suggest that this type is Frankish.
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R492.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 492]] Rygh 492
|<!--1919--> '''Type E''' <br> 19% single edged
|<!--2002--> 860-920
|<!--2016--> 800-900
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_e.jpg|none|100px|Type E]] Type E
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type R'''
|<!--2002--> 925-975
|<!--2016--> 925-1000
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_r.jpg|none|100px|Type R]] Type R
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type S''' <br> 22 or 25 finds?
|<!--2002--> 930-1000
|<!--2016--> 930-1010
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_s.jpg|none|100px|Type S]] Type S
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> Type T
|<!--2002--> 940-1020
|<!--2016--> 950-1025
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_t.jpg|none|100px|Type T]] Type T
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="79"|'''Type IV''' For more about Type IV swords see '[[Swords of Type IV found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R511.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 511]] Rygh 511
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott IV.jpg|none|50px|Type 2]] Design principle 3 <br>''five and more-lobed pommel''
|<!--2002--> 780-890
|<!--2016--> 790-900
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_k.jpg|none|100px|Type K]] Type K
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type O'''
|<!--2002--> 890-950
|<!--2016--> 875-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_o.jpg|none|100px|Type O]] Type O
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type V''' For more about Type V swords see '[[Swords of Type V found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R505.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 505]] Rygh 505
|<!--1992--> [[File:Sword Oakeshott VI.jpg|none|50px|Type 5]] Design principle 5 <br>''curved guard''
|<!--2002--> 850-975
|<!--2016--> 850-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_l.jpg|none|100px|Type L]] Type L
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type VI''' For more about Type VI swords see '[[Swords of Type VI found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"|[[File:Sword Oakeshott VI.jpg|none|50px|Type 5]] Design principle 5 <br>''curved guard''
|<!--2002-->
|<!--2016-->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_lv.jpg|none|100px|Type Lv]] Type Lv
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type Z'''
|<!--2002--> 1000
|<!--2016--> 975-1050
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_z.jpg|none|100px|Type Z]] Type Z
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type VII''' For more about Type VII swords see '[[Swords of Type VII found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885--> [[File:R495.jpg|none|50px|Rygh 495]] Rygh 495 ?
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| ''Unclassifiable''
|<!--2002--> 830-880
|<!--2016--> 850-900
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_n.jpg|none|100px|Type N]] Type N
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="2"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott III.jpg|none|50px|Type 2]] Design principle 2 <br>''three-lobed pommel''
|<!--2002--> 900-1000
|<!--2016--> 925-990
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_u.jpg|none|100px|Type U]] Type U
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type V'''
|<!--2002--> 925-950
|<!--2016--> 900-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_v.jpg|none|100px|Type V]] Type V
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="3"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott V.jpg|none|50px|Type 6]] Design principle 6 <br>''single-pieced pommel''
|<!--2002--> 900-960
|<!--2016--> 900-950
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_w.jpg|none|100px|Type W]] Type W
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type X early''' <br> ‘Tea Cosy’ <br> 9 found
|<!--2002--> 850-1050?
|<!--2016--> 925->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_xe.jpg|none|100px|Type Xe]] Type Xe
|<!--Char-->
|<!--1919--> '''Type X late''' <br> 40 found <br> AD 950-1050
|<!--2002--> 950 ->
|<!--2016--> ? ->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_xl.jpg|none|100px|Type Xl]] Type Xl
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type VIII''' For more about Type VIII swords see '[[Swords of Type VIII and IX found in Britain|Swords of Type VIII found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| ''Not included''
|<!--2002--> AD 950 ->
|<!--2016-->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_viii.jpg|none|100px|Type VIII]] Type VIII
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="89"|'''Type IX''' For more about Type IX swords see '[[Swords of Type VIII and IX found in Britain|Swords of Type IX found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| [[File:Sword Oakeshott IX.jpg|none|50px|Type 4]] Design principle 4 <br>''absenting pommel''
|<!--2002--> 900-1100
|<!--2016--> 925-1100
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_y.jpg|none|100px|Type Y]] Type Y
|<!--Char-->
|-
| scope="row" colspan="79"|'''Type Disc''' For more about Type Disc swords see '[[Swords of Type Disc found in Britain]]'
|-
|<!--1885-->
|<!--1992--> rowspan="1"| ''Not included''
|<!--2002--> 1025 ->
|<!--2016-->
|<!--Comp--> [[File:Sword_type_Disc.jpg|none|100px|Type Disc]] Type Disc
|<!--Char-->
===Methods of attaching the Pommel===
Two main Geibig has categorised three methods of attaching hilt construction as described by Androshchuk [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.187-188].<br> ====Tang goes through the upper guard and pommel to the rest of the ====''Sword types: B, Sp2''<br>This hilt fittings seem to have been deployedof these swords in constructed in two parts with a separate pommel sitting atop an upper guard. <br>The tang passes straight through the grip, upper guard and pommel and is then simply peened over. ====Tang goes through the upper guard. Pommel riveted to an upper guard====''Sword types: Sp1, H, K, N.''<br>The pommel is hilt of these swords in constructed in two partswith a separate pommel sitting atop an upper guard. <br>The tang passes through the upper guard and is then peened over. The separate pommel is then attached by two more rivets that are peened over under the upper guard.  ====directly to Tang goes through the grippommel or upper guard====''Sword types: C, M, X, Y.''<br>The hilt of these swords has either a pommel or an upper guard.<br>The tang passes straight through the grip and pommel , or grip and upper guard, and is then simply peened over.
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===Hilt Materials===
====Hilt fittings of plain iron====The vast majority ''Sword types: A, B, C, F, G, M, N, Q, X, Y, AE.''<br>Many types of sword have fittings that are simply made of plain iron.<br> ====Hilt fittings of inlaid iron====''Sword types: D, E, H, I, K, L, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z.''<br><br> 
====Hilt fittings of copper alloy====
''Sword types: ''<br>
<br>
 
====Hilt fittings of bone or antler====
MacGregor argues that the ability of bone and antler to withstand even quite savage blows should not be underestimated. [MACGREGOR 1985: p.165]<br>
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