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{{Stars1Stars2|Category=CraftsFurniture & Storage}}{{Furniture}}==Northern European Tents==Also known as Anglo-Saxon, Saxon or Geteld tents. ===From the Psalters===The Carolingian Utrecht psalter has three surviving copies. These span almost 400 years and can show us how the same scenes can be reinterpreted. * 820-835AD Utrecht Psalter* 1025-1050AD & 1125-1150AD London, British Library, MS Harley, 603, Harley Psalter * 1150AD Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.17.1, Edwine Psalter* 1180-1200AD Paris, BNF MS lat. 8846, Anglo-Catalan Psalter<gallery>File:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 15r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.15rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 15rb.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.15rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 25r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.25rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 71v.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.71vFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 85v.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.85vFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 15r.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.15rFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 15rb.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.15rFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 25r.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.25rFile:London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 fol.33r.jpg| 1125-1150AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.33rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.44v.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.44vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.44vb.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.44vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.75r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.75rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.227r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.227rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.268r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.268rFile:Tent Paris, BnF ms. lat. 8846 Anglo-Catalan Psalter 1180-1200AD f.44 a.jpg | 1180-1200AD English <br> Anglo-Catalan Psalter f.44File:Tent Paris, BnF ms. lat. 8846 Anglo-Catalan Psalter 1180-1200AD f.44 b.JPG | 1180-1200AD English <br> Anglo-Catalan Psalter f.44File:Tent Paris, BnF ms. lat. 8846 Anglo-Catalan Psalter 1180-1200AD A.jpg | 1180-1200AD English <br> Anglo-Catalan Psalter </gallery>

==Northern European Tent=From the Psychomachia==={{evidenceTheir are 18 surviving illustrated copies of [[Prudentius |Art =Prudentius's Psychomachia]]. Four of which hae been classified as Anglo-Saxon.* England** Late C10th [[Illuminated Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066AD#T48|T48]] Cambridge Corp. Chri. MS23 fol.3v** Late C10th [[Illuminated Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066AD#T49|T49]] London B.L. Cotton Cleo. C, VIII fol. 5v** Vatican Biblioteca Apostolica, reg. lat. 12, fol. 29r** London, B.L. Cotton Claudius B IV fol.9v, 17v, 17v, 18r,21v, 23r, 23v, 24r, 25r, 29v, 30r, 30v, 41r, 46v, 47r, 47v, 51v** 1000Although sharing a common source the [[Prudentius | Psychomachia]] from Bern is from a differnt drawing group than the Anglo-1050AD London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 folSaxon examples.15r, 25r, ** 1100-1150AD London875 – 950AD Bern, British LibraryStadtbibliothek, MS Harley, 603 folMs.3* Netherlands** 800-900AD Utrecht Psalter fol.15r, 25r, 58v, 264

File:Tent Bern cod. 264 Psychomachia.JPG | 900AD Carolingian <br> Bern cod. 264 File:Tent Chrisi College MS23 fol3v.jpg | 1000AD English <br> Chrisi College MS23 f.3vFile:London, British Library, MS Cotton Cleopatra C VIII. fol.5v.jpg| 1000AD English <br> MS Cott. Cleo. C VIII f.5v</gallery> ===From the Hexateuch===* London, B.L. Cotton Claudius B IV <gallery>File:LondonTent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 9v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.9vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 17v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.17vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 17vb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.17vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 18r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.18rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 21v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.21vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 23r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.23rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 23v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.23vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 23vb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.23vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 24r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.24rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 24rb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.24rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 25r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.25rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 29v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.29vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 29vb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.29vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 30r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.30rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 39v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.39vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 41r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.41rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 46v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.46vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 47r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.47rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 47v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.47vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 51v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.51v</gallery> ===From other Manuscripts===* 850-900AD Leiden, British LibraryI Maccabees* C10th Fulda Sacramentary* 1025-1050AD [[Illuminated Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066AD#T84|T84]] Vatican Biblioteca Apostolica, MS Harleyreg. lat. 12* 1109-1111AD Dijon Bible of Stephen Harding * 1155-1160AD New York, 603 folPierpont Morgan, M 724, Edwine Psalter prefatory cycle  <gallery>File:Tent Leiden I Maccabees.33rJPG | 850-900AD Carolingian <br> Leiden I MaccabeesFile:Tent Fulda Sacramentary A.jpg| MS HarlC10th Carolingian <br> Fulda Sacramentary File:Tent Fulda Sacramentary B. 603 jpg | C10th Carolingian <br> Fulda Sacramentary File:Tent Fulda Sacramentary C.jpg | C10th Carolingian <br> Fulda Sacramentary File:Tent Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, reg. lat. 12, fol 29r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> Vat, Bib. Apos. lat.12 f.33r29rFile:Tent Dijon Bible of Stephen Harding 1109-1111AD.jpg | 1109-1111AD <br> Dijon Bible File:Tent Pierpont Morgan, M 724 1155-1160AD.jpg | 1155-1160AD <br> English Pierpont Morgan, M 724  

==Bell Tents=Possible Variations =This is a cone shaped tent supported by a single central pole. It is interesting to note that all of Northern European Tentthe depictions from the Utrecht Psalter depict them with a cross at their apex. Possibly meaning that they were used for Ecclesiastical purposes.===From the Psalters===* 820-835AD Utrecht Psalter* 1025-1050AD & 1125-1150AD London, British Library, MS Harley, 603, Harley Psalter * 1150AD Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.17.1, Edwine Psalter* 1180-1200AD Paris, BNF MS lat. 8846, Anglo-Catalan Psalter

File:Tent, SaxonUtrecht Psalter fol 24v. Side flownjpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.24vFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 34v.jpg| 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.34vFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 48v.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.48vFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 24v.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.24vFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 68r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.68rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.73v.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.73vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.105r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.105rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.147r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.147rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.149r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.149r

==Bell Tent=From the Psychomachia=={{evidence|Art =* England** London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 folThe English copies of the Psychomachia do not depict bell tents.24v, 68r * Netherlands<gallery>** 800File:Tent Paris lat. 3808.JPG | Carolingian <br> Paris lat. 3808File:Tent Brussels Lat. 9987 Psychomachia.JPG | 850-900AD Utrecht Psalter folCarolingian <br> Brussels Lat.24v 9987File:Tent Paris lat 8085 56rb.jpg |LiteratureCarolingian <br> Paris lat 8085 File:Tent Leiden BUR Q3 f.121v.JPG |Archaeology Carolingian <br> Leiden BUR Q3 f.121vFile:Tent Bern cod. 264 Psychomachia f.65.JPG |Discussion900AD Carolingian <br> Bern cod. 264 File:Tent Brussels ms. 10066-77 Psychomachia.JPG | 900-1000AD Carolingian <br> Brussels ms.10066-77 File:Tent Valenciennes MS412 a.JPG| Carolingian <br> Valenciennes MS 412}}</gallery>

{{evidence===Oseberg, Norway===Two tents were found in the Oseberg ship burial. Apparently the original woodwork for the tents other than the carved dragon heads no longer survives. Although it is now impossible to say with any certainty which poles belonged to which tent I have attempted to make a preliminary guess in the image below. <br> <gallery>File:Tent_Oseberg_-_small_head.JPG |Art Oseberg Small tentFile:Tent_Oseberg_-_large_head.JPG |LiteratureOseberg Large tentFile:Tent_Oseberg_Poles.jpg |Archaeology =Oseberg tent poles* Norway</gallery>** Oseberg** ===Gokstad, Norway===:The parts of the tent are described by Nicolaysen [NICOLAYSEN 1882] thus:<br>:p.33 “When the ship lay in harbour, it was, at night time covered with a tilt (tjald) to which the recently names pillars and a ridge-pole belonged (tjaldass, tjaldstong). Over this latter the cloth was stretched from both sides of the ship. Sometimes for ornament's sake the cloth was striped in various colours. When it is recorded in Egil's saga, concerning Kveldulf, that he bade his people go along the ship's sides and cut the tilt from it's fastenings (klofi) or when in another passage, the ripping up (spretta) of the tent is spoken of, to me it would seem more probable that the lowest edges of the cloth (tjaldskor) were fastened to the gunwale with ropes than, …… <br>:p.37-38 c “a bundle of woolen cloth of yellowish colour, though doubtless originally white, with stripes of red cloth sewn thereon (cfr. P. 33) the whole of which, presumably had been intended for the tent, an opinion corroborated by the fact that within the bundle there were found pieces of thin hemp-rope, in all probability, the fastenings of the tilt;” <br>:p.41 q “four long oaken boards of similar size and formed in the same manner, having art the one end animal heads carved and nearly alike one another, and intended to be viewed from both sides, of whose purpose I was for a long time in doubt, until at last it became obvious to me that theu had been placed at each end og the tilt, a conclusion to which I was led by observing the barge boards with horse heads which according to Otte, are found in houses of peasents in Lower Saxony and whose heads in some districts are turned outwards to prevent misfortune, while in others they are directed inwards to bring good luck to the house. It is sufficiently clear that each of the boards must have crossed the other, as represented, and that the ridgepole of the tilt with its ends was pivoted through the holes highest up. To me it also seems most likely …..”

{{evidence|Art ===From the Psalters===* Netherlands** 800-900AD Utrecht Psalter fol.5r, 84r * GermanyLothair Crystal (British Museum)** <gallery>File:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 5r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.5rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 84r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.84rFile:Lothair_Crystal_Work_Shelter.jpg | 855-869AD Carolingian <br> Lothair Crystal (British File:Tent Edwine Psalter f.15v.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.15vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.263r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.263r </gallery> ===Late Roman Work Shelters===*c.427AD Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 <gallery>Tent Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 c.427AD a.JPG | Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 Tent Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 c.427AD b.JPG | Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 Tent Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 c.427AD c.JPG | Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 </gallery> <br>==Tent Pegs=====Oseberg===The Viking Ship Museumhas some 'tent pegs' on display. [http://dougleen.com/ontheroad/2014/03/23/oslo-norway/ Dougleen.com] however puts forth an alternative theory in that they are rope tension devices. <br><br>===Roman tent pegs===The following evidence from the Roman period has been included here for comparative evidence.====Wooden tent pegs====*Newstead, Oak, triangular section, 250-500mm long [BISHOP & COULSTON 2006:p.116]====Iron tent pegs====We've included these as comparisons. Found in Castle Künzing Quintanis (Germany)they are dated to the 2nd/3rd century AD. The original photo can be found [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Tent-pegs.jpg here]. A possible argument for the continuation of this style of tent peg as suggested by [http://europa-reenactment.org/saxon_tent.php Europa Reenactment] can be put forward by the pegs illustrated in BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 21v. <gallery>File:Roman tent pegs Castle Künzing Quintanis.jpg |Literature100-300AD Roman <br> Castle Künzing QuintanisFile: Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 21v pegs.jpg |Archaeology 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.21v </gallery> ==References=={{Ref|DiscussionBishop & Coulston 2006}}{{Ref|British Museum Website}}{{Ref|Nicolaysen 1882}}<HarvardReferences />