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{{Stars1Stars2|Category=CraftsFurniture & Storage}}{{Furniture}}==Northern European Tents==Also known as Anglo-Saxon, Saxon or Geteld tents. ===From the Psalters===The Carolingian Utrecht psalter has three surviving copies. These span almost 400 years and can show us how the same scenes can be reinterpreted. * 820-835AD Utrecht Psalter* 1025-1050AD & 1125-1150AD London, British Library, MS Harley, 603, Harley Psalter * 1150AD Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.17.1, Edwine Psalter* 1180-1200AD Paris, BNF MS lat. 8846, Anglo-Catalan Psalter<gallery>File:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 15r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.15rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 15rb.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.15rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 25r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.25rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 71v.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.71vFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 85v.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.85vFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 15r.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.15rFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 15rb.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.15rFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 25r.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.25rFile:London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 fol.33r.jpg| 1125-1150AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.33rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.44v.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.44vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.44vb.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.44vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.75r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.75rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.227r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.227rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.268r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.268rFile:Tent Paris, BnF ms. lat. 8846 Anglo-Catalan Psalter 1180-1200AD f.44 a.jpg | 1180-1200AD English <br> Anglo-Catalan Psalter f.44File:Tent Paris, BnF ms. lat. 8846 Anglo-Catalan Psalter 1180-1200AD f.44 b.JPG | 1180-1200AD English <br> Anglo-Catalan Psalter f.44File:Tent Paris, BnF ms. lat. 8846 Anglo-Catalan Psalter 1180-1200AD A.jpg | 1180-1200AD English <br> Anglo-Catalan Psalter </gallery>
==Northern European Tent=From the Psychomachia==={{evidenceTheir are 18 surviving illustrated copies of [[Prudentius |Art =Prudentius's Psychomachia]]. Four of which hae been classified as Anglo-Saxon.* England** Late C10th [[Illuminated Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066AD#T48|T48]] Cambridge Corp. Chri. MS23 fol.3v** Late C10th [[Illuminated Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066AD#T49|T49]] London B.L. Cotton Cleo. C, VIII fol. 5v** Vatican Biblioteca Apostolica, reg. lat. 12, fol. 29r** London, B.L. Cotton Claudius B IV fol.9v, 17v, 17v, 18r,21v, 23r, 23v, 24r, 25r, 29v, 30r, 30v, 41r, 46v, 47r, 47v, 51v** 1000Although sharing a common source the [[Prudentius | Psychomachia]] from Bern is from a differnt drawing group than the Anglo-1050AD London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 folSaxon examples.15r, 25r, ** 1100-1150AD London875 – 950AD Bern, British LibraryStadtbibliothek, MS Harley, 603 folMs.3* Netherlands** 800-900AD Utrecht Psalter fol.15r, 25r, 58v, 264
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File:Tent Bern cod. 264 Psychomachia.JPG | 900AD Carolingian <br> Bern cod. 264 File:Tent Chrisi College MS23 fol3v.jpg | 1000AD English <br> Chrisi College MS23 f.3vFile:London, British Library, MS Cotton Cleopatra C VIII. fol.5v.jpg| 1000AD English <br> MS Cott. Cleo. C VIII f.5vFile:London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 fol.33r.jpg| MS Harl. 603 f.33r
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File:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 9v.jpg | fol1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.9vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 17v.jpg | fol1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.17vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 17vb.jpg | fol1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.17vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 18r.jpg | fol1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.18rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 21v.jpg | fol1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.21vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 23r.jpg | fol1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.23rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 23v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.23vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol23vb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.23vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 24r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.24rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 24rb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.24rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 25r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.25rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 29v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.29vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 29vb.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.29vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 30r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.30rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 39v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.39vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 41r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.41rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 46v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.46vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 47r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.47rFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 47v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.47vFile:Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 51v.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.51v</gallery> ===From other Manuscripts===* 850-900AD Leiden, I Maccabees* C10th Fulda Sacramentary* 1025-1050AD [[Illuminated Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts 900-1066AD#T84|T84]] Vatican Biblioteca Apostolica, reg. lat. 12* 1109-1111AD Dijon Bible of Stephen Harding * 1155-1160AD New York, Pierpont Morgan, M 724, Edwine Psalter prefatory cycle <gallery>File:Tent Leiden I Maccabees.JPG | 850-900AD Carolingian <br> Leiden I MaccabeesFile:Tent Fulda Sacramentary A.jpg | C10th Carolingian <br> Fulda Sacramentary File:Tent Fulda Sacramentary B.jpg | C10th Carolingian <br> Fulda Sacramentary File:Tent Fulda Sacramentary C.jpg | C10th Carolingian <br> Fulda Sacramentary File:Tent Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica, reg. lat. 12, fol 29r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> Vat, Bib. Apos. lat.12 f.29rFile:Tent Dijon Bible of Stephen Harding 1109-1111AD.jpg | 1109-1111AD <br> Dijon Bible File:Tent Pierpont Morgan, M 724 1155-1160AD.jpg | 1155-1160AD <br> English Pierpont Morgan, M 724
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==Bell Tents=Re-enactment Variations =This is a cone shaped tent supported by a single central pole. It is interesting to note that all of Northern European Tentthe depictions from the Utrecht Psalter depict them with a cross at their apex. Possibly meaning that they were used for Ecclesiastical purposes.===From the Psalters===In re* 820-enactment many variations of the Northern European tents can be seen835AD Utrecht Psalter* 1025-1050AD & 1125-1150AD London, British Library, MS Harley, 603, Harley Psalter * 1150AD Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R. These variations are not seen in period art and are used purely to assist re17.1, Edwine Psalter* 1180-enactors lives easier at events1200AD Paris, BNF MS lat.8846, Anglo-Catalan Psalter
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File:Tent, SaxonUtrecht Psalter fol 24v. Side flownjpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.24vFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 34v.jpg | Side opening Northern European 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.34vFile:TentUtrecht Psalter fol 48v.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.48vFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 24v.jpg | 1000-1025AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.24vFile:Tent BL Harley MS603 fol 68r.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> Harley Psalter f.68rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.73v.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.73vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.105r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.105rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.147r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.147rFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.149r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.149r
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==Bell Tent=From the Psychomachia=={{evidence|Art =* England** London, British Library, MS Harley, 603 folThe English copies of the Psychomachia do not depict bell tents.24v, 68r * Netherlands<gallery>** 800File:Tent Paris lat. 3808.JPG | Carolingian <br> Paris lat. 3808File:Tent Brussels Lat. 9987 Psychomachia.JPG | 850-900AD Utrecht Psalter folCarolingian <br> Brussels Lat.24v 9987File:Tent Paris lat 8085 56rb.jpg |LiteratureCarolingian <br> Paris lat 8085 File:Tent Leiden BUR Q3 f.121v.JPG |Archaeology Carolingian <br> Leiden BUR Q3 f.121vFile:Tent Bern cod. 264 Psychomachia f.65.JPG |Discussion900AD Carolingian <br> Bern cod. 264 File:Tent Brussels ms. 10066-77 Psychomachia.JPG | 900-1000AD Carolingian <br> Brussels ms.10066-77 File:Tent Valenciennes MS412 a.JPG| Carolingian <br> Valenciennes MS 412}}</gallery>
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==Late Roman army tents==
These consist of two uprights and a simple cross beam. A simple sheet is suspended over this and the ends left open. Examples can be seen in these C6th manuscripts.
* 493-508AD Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Cod. F. 205 Inf., Ambrosian Iliad
* 500-550AD Vienna cod. theol. gr. 31, Vienna Genesis
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Tent Ambrosian Iliad 493-508AD.jpg | 493-508AD Byzantine <br> Ambrosian Iliad
File:Tent Vienna Genesis C6th.jpg | 500-550AD Syria <br> Ambrosian Iliad
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===From the Psychomachia===
In the Viking Age this style of tent can be seen depicted in the Psychomachia but not in the English versions.
* C9th Leiden, BUR Q3
* 850-900AD Brussels Lat. 9987
* Paris lat 8085
* Valenciennes MS 412
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File:Tent Leiden BUR Q3 f.142rb.JPG | C9th Carolingian <br> Leiden BUR Q3 f.142r
File:Tent Leiden BUR Q3 f.145r.JPG | C9th Carolingian <br> Leiden BUR Q3 f.145r
File:Tent Brussels Lat. 9987 Psychomachia 850-900 b.JPG | 850-900 Carolingian <br> Brussels Lat. 9987
File:Tent Brussels Lat. 9987 Psychomachia 850-900 c.JPG | 850-900 Carolingian <br> Brussels Lat. 9987
File:Tent Paris lat 8085 66rB.JPG | Carolingian <br> Paris lat 8085
File:Tent Valenciennes MS412 b.JPG| Carolingian <br> Valenciennes MS 412
File:Tent Valenciennes MS412 c.JPG| Carolingian <br> Valenciennes MS 412
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==Viking Tent==
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File:Gokstad_Tent_1a.jpg | Gokstad set A
File:Gokstad_Tent_1b.jpg | Gokstad set B
File:Gokstad_Tent_2.jpg | Gokstad
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==Work Shelters==
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File:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 5r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.5rFile:Tent Utrecht Psalter fol 84r.jpg | 820-835AD Carolingian <br> Utrecht Psalter f.84rFile:Lothair_Crystal_Work_Shelter.jpg | 855-869AD Carolingian <br> Lothair CrystalFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.15v.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.15vFile:Tent Edwine Psalter f.263r.JPG | 1150AD English <br> Edwine Psalter f.263r
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===Late Roman Work Shelters===*c.427AD Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 <gallery>Tent Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 c.427AD a.JPG |LiteratureParis BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 Tent Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 c.427AD b.JPG |Archaeology Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 Tent Paris BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 c.427AD c.JPG |DiscussionParis BNF Ms. Nouv. acq. lat. 2334 </gallery> <br>==Tent Pegs=====Oseberg===The Viking Ship Museum has some 'tent pegs' on display. [http://dougleen.com/ontheroad/2014/03/23/oslo-norway/ Dougleen.com] however puts forth an alternative theory in that they are rope tension devices. <br><br>===Roman tent pegs===The following evidence from the Roman period has been included here for comparative evidence.====Wooden tent pegs====*Newstead, Oak, triangular section, 250-500mm long [BISHOP & COULSTON 2006:p.116]====Iron tent pegs====We've included these as comparisons. Found in Castle Künzing Quintanis (Germany) they are dated to the 2nd/3rd century AD. The original photo can be found [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Tent-pegs.jpg here]. A possible argument for the continuation of this style of tent peg as suggested by [http://europa-reenactment.org/saxon_tent.php Europa Reenactment] can be put forward by the pegs illustrated in BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 21v. <gallery>File:Roman tent pegs Castle Künzing Quintanis.jpg | 100-300AD Roman <br> Castle Künzing QuintanisFile: Tent BL Cotton Claudius B IV fol 21v pegs.jpg | 1025-1050AD English <br> BL Cott Clau BIV f.21v </gallery> ==References=={{Ref|Bishop & Coulston 2006}}{{Ref|British Museum Website}}{{Ref|Nicolaysen 1882}}<HarvardReferences />