Difference between revisions of "Seax"

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{{Stars2|Category=Weapons}}
 
{{Stars2|Category=Weapons}}
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''A knife with a blade length of 17cm (6½") or longer possibly used in combat.'' <br>
+
''A large knife with a blade length of 18cm (7") or longer possibly used in combat.''  
−
 
+
−
Seaxes with blade lengths over 6½” long were popular during the C6th Anglo-Saxon pagan period. It is not uncommon for burials in the Viking age to contain more than one knife. [BERSU and WILSON 1966: p.41] Wheeler gives his opinion that small heavy seaxes were in use up until the end of the C10th but that really as a weapon it belongs to the pre-Viking period. [WHEELER 1927: p.30]
+
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
 
+
Harke defined knives and short seaxes by size with knives being under 175mm and short seaxes being over 180mm. [CAMERON 2000:p.49]. Like Esther Cameron we have also used this as our definition. Blades of over 12" in length are more usually defined as [[Langseax]]es.
−
== Seaxes from the C9th ==
+
<br>
−
=== Knives ===
+
The short seax is also known as a Scramasax, a Hadseax or just a Sax. The term Scramasax comes from Gregory of Tours writing in 575AD, who speaks of "boys with strong knives (cultris validis), which they commonly call scramasaxes (scramasaxos)." in his History of the Franks (IV, 52). [WHEELER 1935:p.176] It is not known if this name continued in use into the Viking Age. 
−
{{Evidence
+
<br>
−
|Art =  
+
It is not uncommon for burials in the Viking age to contain more than one knife. [BERSU and WILSON 1966: p.41] Wheeler gives his opinion that small heavy seaxes were in use up until the end of the C10th but that as a weapon it really belongs to the pre-Viking period. [WHEELER 1927: p.30]
 +
<br>
 +
Seaxs from the Viking Age never have metal fittings unlike the pagan Anglo-Saxon examples.
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
==Images of Seaxes (C8th to C11th)==
 
* Paris, BNF, Lat. 8085 fol.57r. Virtue, armed with a sword and seax, combating a Vice.
 
* Paris, BNF, Lat. 8085 fol.57r. Virtue, armed with a sword and seax, combating a Vice.
−
|Literature
+
* Camb corp chri MS23, f.23r - late C10th
−
|Archaeology
+
* England, Dorset, Cranborne. Silver strap-end  [HINTON 2005: p.113]
−
|Discussion
+
 
−
}}
+
* St. Andrew Sarcophagus - late C8th
 +
* Middleton warrior [BAILEY 1980:pl.14]
 +
* England, Derbyshire, Repton. C8th, Stone carving, [HINTON 2005: p.105]
 +
* Bayeux Tapestry [WILSON 1985:pl.6, 7]
 +
 
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
−
Pl5.fig1.jpg|from Norway
+
St._Andrew_Sarcophagus.jpg|St. Andrew Sarcophagus
 +
Middleton_Warrior.jpg|Middleton Warrior
 +
Repton_Warrior.jpg|Repton Warrior
 +
Bayeux_Tapestry_seax.jpg|Bayeux Tapestry
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
==Literature (C9th to C11th)==
 
<br>
 
<br>
  
−
=== Sheaths ===
+
<br>
−
{{Evidence
+
==English Seax Blades (C9th to C11th)==  
−
|Art =  
+
[[File:Seax Blades.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Seax Blades]]
−
* England, Dorset, Cranborne. Silver strap-end [HINTON 2005: p.113]
+
Out of 128 knives found from Coppergate York, only 1 can be classed as a seax. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]<br>
−
* England, Derbyshire, Repton. C8th, Stone carving,  
+
 
−
|Literature
+
{|
−
|Archaeology =
+
|- valign="top" id="1"
−
[CAMERON 2000: p.63-64]
+
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_Dimmock_Cote.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Dimmock's Cote]]
−
* Dover, Buckland, grave 145, leather sheath dated to 700-750AD
+
|width="600pt"| '''England, Cambridge, River Cam at Dimmock's Cote'''
−
* London, River Thames nr. Westminster Bridge, metal fittings, late C8th
+
:Current Location- University of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge
−
* York, leather sheath, C9th
+
:Type- ? 800AD
−
|Discussion
+
:Find Date- ?
−
}}
+
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ?
−
<gallery>
+
:Comments- 'large scramasax with a groove along the back of the blade' [BJORN 1940:p.69].
 +
:Bibliography- [BJORN 1940:p.69]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="2"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_Cumwhitton_634.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Cumwhitton 634]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, Cumwhitton, Plough Soil'''
 +
:Current Location- Tullie House Museum
 +
:Type- ?
 +
:Find Date- ?
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: 30mm; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 220mm 
 +
:Comments- 'Patern-welded blade with remains of possible leather sheath still attached' [PATERSON 2014:cat.634].
 +
:Bibliography- [PATERSON 2014:p.50,51 & Cat.634]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="3"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_Cumwhitton_885.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Cumwhitton 885]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, Cumwhitton, Grave 5'''
 +
:Current Location- Tullie House Museum
 +
:Type- ?
 +
:Find Date- ?
 +
:Size- Blade Length: 182mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 270mm  
 +
:Comments- 'Part pattern welded. Has a horn handle with inlaid silver wire.' [PATERSON 2014:cat.885].
 +
:Bibliography- [PATERSON 2014:p.110 & Cat.885]  
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="4"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_Sittingbourne.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Sittingbourne]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, Kent, Sittingbourne'''
 +
:Current Location- British Museum 1881,0623.1
 +
:Type- Wheeler IV 900-925AD
 +
:Find Date- 1881
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? 
 +
:Comments- 'inlaid with copper, bronze, silver and niello.' [WILSON 1964:cat.80].
 +
:Bibliography- [WILSON 1964:cat.80] [[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=476352&objectId=95276&partId=1 British Museum]]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="5"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_ALG84_588_381.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London'''
 +
:Current Location- London Museum ALG84[588]381
 +
:Type- Wheeler III/II 1000-1100AD
 +
:Find Date- ?
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 247mm 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [[http://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/Online/object.aspx?objectID=object-146014&rows=1&start=0 Museum of London]]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="6"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_1856_Honey_Lane.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London 1856]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Honey Lane'''
 +
:Current Location- British Museum 1856,7-1,1413
 +
:Type- Wheeler IV 978-1016AD
 +
:Find Date- 1856
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 327mm 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.43]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="7"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_1879_Park_Street.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London 1879]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Park Street'''
 +
:Current Location- British Museum 1879,12-22.1
 +
:Type- 800-1000AD
 +
:Find Date-
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 266mm 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.81]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="8"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_Princes_Street.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London Princes St]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Princes Street'''
 +
:Current Location- London Museum 29.94,17 (Wheeler 21)
 +
:Type- 900-1000AD
 +
:Find Date- 
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="9"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_1859_Thames.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London 1859]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London,Thames'''
 +
:Current Location- British Museum 1859,1-22.12
 +
:Type- 800-1000AD
 +
:Find Date-
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 232mm 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.50]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="10"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_A1781.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London A1781]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Thames'''
 +
:Current Location- London Museum A1781 (Wheeler 25)
 +
:Type- 900-1100AD
 +
:Find Date- 
 +
:Size- Blade Length: 247mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 334mm 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="11"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_A9313.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London A9313]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Thames at Blackfriars'''
 +
:Current Location- London Museum A9313 (Wheeler 8)
 +
:Type- 800-1000AD
 +
:Find Date- 
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
 +
 
 +
|- valign="top" id="12"
 +
|width="100pt"| [[File:seax_London_A10721.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London A10721]]
 +
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Thames at Brentford'''
 +
:Current Location- London Museum A10721 (Wheeler 11)
 +
:Type- 700-900AD
 +
:Find Date- 
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ? 
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
 +
 
 +
|}
  
−
</gallery>
 
 
<br>
 
<br>
 +
==English style Seax Sheathes (C9th to C11th)==
 +
[[File:Seax Sheaths.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Seax Sheaths]]
 +
Seax sheaths are made from substantial leather up to 3mm thick and closed by rivets about 4 to 5cm apart. In England there are 12 finds of Seax sheaths out of a total of 61 [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]<br>
  
−
== Seaxes from the C10th and C11th ==
+
{|
−
=== Knives ===
+
|- valign="top" id="1"
−
{{Evidence
+
|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_Dublin_DLS4.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=Dublin DLS4]]
−
|Art
+
|width="600pt"| '''Ireland, Dublin, Christchurch Place'''
−
|Literature
+
:Current Location- ? (Cameron DLS 4)
−
|Archaeology =
+
:Type- ?
−
* England,York. Out of 128 knives found from Coppergate only 1 can be classed as a seax. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
+
:Find Date- ?
−
* England, London. One find from cheapside could have had a blade of 25cm. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
+
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?
−
|Discussion
+
:Comments-
−
}}
+
:Bibliography- [CAMERON 2007:p.]
−
=== Sheaths ===
+
 
−
{{Evidence
+
|- valign="top" id="5"
−
|Art
+
|width="100pt"| [[File:sheath_London_Cheapside.jpg|thumb|130x150px|left|alt=London Cheapside]]
−
|Literature
+
|width="600pt"| '''England, London, Cheapside'''
−
|Archaeology =
+
:Current Location- ? (Cameron 145)
−
* England, 12 finds (out of a total of 61 knife sheaths) [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
+
:Type- ?
 +
:Find Date- ?
 +
:Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?
 +
:Comments-
 +
:Bibliography- [VINCE 1991] [CAMERON 2000:p.208]  
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
===A few Seax Sheathes from the C8th===  
 +
* Dover, Buckland, grave 145, leather sheath dated to 700-750AD
 +
* London, River Thames nr. Westminster Bridge, metal fittings, late C8th
 
* York [MOULD, CARLISLE and CAMERON 2003: p3379-3385]
 
* York [MOULD, CARLISLE and CAMERON 2003: p3379-3385]
 
* Ireland, Dublin. Style E1 [CAMERON 2007: p.15-20]
 
* Ireland, Dublin. Style E1 [CAMERON 2007: p.15-20]
 
* [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
 
* [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
−
|Discussion =
+
* England, London. One find from cheapside could have had a blade of 25cm. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
−
Substantial leather up to 3mm thick. Closed by rivets about 4 to 5cm apart. [CAMERON 2000]:p.64-65
+
−
}}
+
−
 
+
−
== Seax hanging position ==
+
−
=== At the front - Horizontal ===
+
−
{{Evidence
+
−
|Art
+
−
* Middleton warrior?
+
−
|Literature
+
−
|Archaeology
+
−
|Discussion
+
−
}}
+
−
=== At the side – Angled ===
+
−
{{Evidence
+
−
|Art
+
−
|Literature
+
−
|Archaeology =
+
−
* Norse blades
+
−
|Discussion
+
−
}}
+
−
=== At the back ===
+
−
{{Evidence
+
−
|Art =
+
−
*Bayeux Tapestry
+
−
|Literature
+
−
|Archaeology
+
−
|Discussion
+
−
}}
+
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
== See Also ==
+
==See Also==
−
[[Weapons]]<br>
+
 
[[Langseax]]<br>
 
[[Langseax]]<br>
−
<br>
+
[[Norse Style Knives]]<br>
  
 +
<br>
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
−
*[*BERSU and WILSON 1966]
+
<nocite>
−
*[*CAMERON 2000]
+
BAILEY1980
−
*[*HINTON 2005]
+
BERSU1966
−
*[*MOULD, CARLISLE and CAMERON 2003]
+
CAMERON2000
−
*[*WHEELER 1927]
+
CAMERON2003
 +
CAMERON2007
 +
HINTON2005
 +
VINCE1991
 +
WilSON1965
 +
WILSON1985
 +
WHEELER1927
 +
WHEELER1935
 +
</nocite>
 +
<biblio force=false>#[[Template:Bib]]</biblio>
 
<HarvardReferences />
 
<HarvardReferences />

Revision as of 07:44, 27 September 2014

Seax

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Completion Rating
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Completion Rating
This article's completion rating is 2 out of 5. Article structure and content is subject to change as data is still being collected.

A large knife with a blade length of 18cm (7") or longer possibly used in combat.
Harke defined knives and short seaxes by size with knives being under 175mm and short seaxes being over 180mm. [CAMERON 2000:p.49]. Like Esther Cameron we have also used this as our definition. Blades of over 12" in length are more usually defined as Langseaxes.
The short seax is also known as a Scramasax, a Hadseax or just a Sax. The term Scramasax comes from Gregory of Tours writing in 575AD, who speaks of "boys with strong knives (cultris validis), which they commonly call scramasaxes (scramasaxos)." in his History of the Franks (IV, 52). [WHEELER 1935:p.176] It is not known if this name continued in use into the Viking Age.
It is not uncommon for burials in the Viking age to contain more than one knife. [BERSU and WILSON 1966: p.41] Wheeler gives his opinion that small heavy seaxes were in use up until the end of the C10th but that as a weapon it really belongs to the pre-Viking period. [WHEELER 1927: p.30]
Seaxs from the Viking Age never have metal fittings unlike the pagan Anglo-Saxon examples.

Images of Seaxes (C8th to C11th)

  • Paris, BNF, Lat. 8085 fol.57r. Virtue, armed with a sword and seax, combating a Vice.
  • Camb corp chri MS23, f.23r - late C10th
  • England, Dorset, Cranborne. Silver strap-end [HINTON 2005: p.113]
  • St. Andrew Sarcophagus - late C8th
  • Middleton warrior [BAILEY 1980:pl.14]
  • England, Derbyshire, Repton. C8th, Stone carving, [HINTON 2005: p.105]
  • Bayeux Tapestry [WILSON 1985:pl.6, 7]
  • St. Andrew Sarcophagus.jpg

    St. Andrew Sarcophagus

  • Middleton Warrior.jpg

    Middleton Warrior

  • Repton Warrior.jpg

    Repton Warrior

  • Bayeux Tapestry seax.jpg

    Bayeux Tapestry


Literature (C9th to C11th)



English Seax Blades (C9th to C11th)

Seax Blades

Out of 128 knives found from Coppergate York, only 1 can be classed as a seax. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]

File:Seax Dimmock Cote.jpg
130x150px
 England, Cambridge, River Cam at Dimmock's Cote
Current Location- University of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge
Type- ? 800AD
Find Date- ?
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ?
Comments- 'large scramasax with a groove along the back of the blade' [BJORN 1940:p.69].
Bibliography- [BJORN 1940:p.69]
File:Seax Cumwhitton 634.jpg
130x150px
 England, Cumwhitton, Plough Soil
Current Location- Tullie House Museum
Type- ?
Find Date- ?
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: 30mm; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 220mm
Comments- 'Patern-welded blade with remains of possible leather sheath still attached' [PATERSON 2014:cat.634].
Bibliography- [PATERSON 2014:p.50,51 & Cat.634]
File:Seax Cumwhitton 885.jpg
130x150px
 England, Cumwhitton, Grave 5
Current Location- Tullie House Museum
Type- ?
Find Date- ?
Size- Blade Length: 182mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 270mm
Comments- 'Part pattern welded. Has a horn handle with inlaid silver wire.' [PATERSON 2014:cat.885].
Bibliography- [PATERSON 2014:p.110 & Cat.885]
File:Seax Sittingbourne.jpg
130x150px
 England, Kent, Sittingbourne
Current Location- British Museum 1881,0623.1
Type- Wheeler IV 900-925AD
Find Date- 1881
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ?
Comments- 'inlaid with copper, bronze, silver and niello.' [WILSON 1964:cat.80].
Bibliography- [WILSON 1964:cat.80] [British Museum]
London
England, London
Current Location- London Museum ALG84[588]381
Type- Wheeler III/II 1000-1100AD
Find Date- ?
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 247mm
Comments-
Bibliography- [Museum of London]
File:Seax London 1856 Honey Lane.jpg
130x150px
 England, London, Honey Lane
Current Location- British Museum 1856,7-1,1413
Type- Wheeler IV 978-1016AD
Find Date- 1856
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 327mm
Comments-
Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.43]
File:Seax London 1879 Park Street.jpg
130x150px
 England, London, Park Street
Current Location- British Museum 1879,12-22.1
Type- 800-1000AD
Find Date-
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 266mm
Comments-
Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.81]
File:Seax London Princes Street.jpg
130x150px
 England, London, Princes Street
Current Location- London Museum 29.94,17 (Wheeler 21)
Type- 900-1000AD
Find Date-
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ?
Comments-
Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
File:Seax London 1859 Thames.jpg
130x150px
 England, London,Thames
Current Location- British Museum 1859,1-22.12
Type- 800-1000AD
Find Date-
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 232mm
Comments-
Bibliography- [WILSON 1965:Cat.50]
London A1781
England, London, Thames
Current Location- London Museum A1781 (Wheeler 25)
Type- 900-1100AD
Find Date-
Size- Blade Length: 247mm; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: 334mm
Comments-
Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
File:Seax London A9313.jpg
130x150px
 England, London, Thames at Blackfriars
Current Location- London Museum A9313 (Wheeler 8)
Type- 800-1000AD
Find Date-
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ?
Comments-
Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]
File:Seax London A10721.jpg
130x150px
 England, London, Thames at Brentford
Current Location- London Museum A10721 (Wheeler 11)
Type- 700-900AD
Find Date-
Size- Blade Length: ?; Blade Width: ?; Blade Thickness: ?; Total Length: ?
Comments-
Bibliography- [WHEELER 1935:p.]


English style Seax Sheathes (C9th to C11th)

Seax Sheaths

Seax sheaths are made from substantial leather up to 3mm thick and closed by rivets about 4 to 5cm apart. In England there are 12 finds of Seax sheaths out of a total of 61 [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]

File:Sheath Dublin DLS4.jpg
130x150px
 Ireland, Dublin, Christchurch Place
Current Location- ? (Cameron DLS 4)
Type- ?
Find Date- ?
Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?
Comments-
Bibliography- [CAMERON 2007:p.]
File:Sheath London Cheapside.jpg
130x150px
 England, London, Cheapside
Current Location- ? (Cameron 145)
Type- ?
Find Date- ?
Size- Blade Length: ?; Total Length: ? ; Total Width: ?
Comments-
Bibliography- [VINCE 1991] [CAMERON 2000:p.208]


A few Seax Sheathes from the C8th

  • Dover, Buckland, grave 145, leather sheath dated to 700-750AD
  • London, River Thames nr. Westminster Bridge, metal fittings, late C8th
  • York [MOULD, CARLISLE and CAMERON 2003: p3379-3385]
  • Ireland, Dublin. Style E1 [CAMERON 2007: p.15-20]
  • [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]
  • England, London. One find from cheapside could have had a blade of 25cm. [CAMERON 2000: p.64-65]


See Also

Langseax
Norse Style Knives


References

<nocite> BAILEY1980 BERSU1966 CAMERON2000 CAMERON2003 CAMERON2007 HINTON2005 VINCE1991 WilSON1965 WILSON1985 WHEELER1927 WHEELER1935 </nocite> <biblio force=false>#Template:Bib</biblio>

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