Changes
== Introduction ==
This article is about metal fittings that were probably attached to [[Sword Scabbards]]. Peter Paulsen comprehensibly covered the subject of Viking sword scabbard chapes in 1953 in his book Schwertortbänder der Wikingerzeit [PAULSEN 1953]. More recently Androshchuk has published an updated typology and catalogue of 174 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]<br>
This article is primarily concerned with Scandinavian and Western European Chape styles. Paulsen discuss a number of Eastern European styles that we have not included here.<br>
<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 10 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953:pp.48-53]<br>
In his opinion they are very similar to Oval brooch of type P48A. [PAULSEN 1953:p.48]<br>
<br>
'''Hedenstierna-Jonson Type II:3'''<br>
''''Chapes with an anthropomorphic figure''''<br>
Hedenstierna-Jonson splits this type into 5 Sub-groups [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A5 p.106]<br>
*A - Chapes with animal-like features
*B - Chapes with a human head
*C - Chapes with an animal head like oval brooch P48
*D - Chapes with a distorted or misinterpreted motif
*Other - Chapes that don't fit any of the 4 above sub-groups
''Currently unable to tie sub-group D to Androshchuk lists''<br>
<br>
=== Borre Style 1a ===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
BM-Web Chape 1997,0102.1.jpg|''England, Suffolk''
Bautzen chape.jpg|''Germany, Bautzen''
Hedeby Sword Chape Borre.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''
BM Gotland Chape.JPG|''Sweden, Änga''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 0 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]''
:*Suffolk, England (British Museum BM 1997,0102.1) Their are doubts over the origin of this chape. Similar to chape from Nimschuetz in northern Germany [[https://britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=63621&partId=1 British Museum Website]] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.46, p.268]
*Denmark
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.268]''
:*Roskilde. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A1 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.268]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953:p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.9; p.268]''
:*Steigen. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A5 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.9; p.268]
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.268]''
:*Lundur (Reykjavik National Museum 5251) [PAULSEN 1953:no.3, p.49] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.330]Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A3 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.268]
*Germany
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2,3; p.268]''
:*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A2 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.268] [SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]:*Nimschuetz, Bautzen (Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Dresden D252/83) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.263]Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:*Hedeby fig.4.B1 p.106] [?ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.268]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 3 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.5,6,7; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 6 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.12,13,14,15,16,17; pp.268-269]''
:*Skane. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A7 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.15; p.268]:*Gäfle, Gästrikland (National Museum of Denmark NMD 1.9418) [PAULSEN 1953:no.6; p.49] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.14; p.268]:*Änga, Gotland(British Museum 1921,1101. found in 1889 318) [https:AN1909//britishmuseum.95org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=64797&partId=1 British Museum Website][PAULSEN 1953:no.7; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group C [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.5.C1 p.107] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.13; p.268]:*Amsberg-Sör. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A6 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.17; p.268]:*:*
*Finland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.8; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.268]''
:*Huittinen [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.268]
*Latvia
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953:p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7,8; p.268]''
:*Āraiši. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A4 p.106] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.13] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7; p.268]:* Kristapinu. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A8 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.8; p.268]
*Ukraine
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.10; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 3 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.18,19,20; p.269]''
:*Korosten. (Historical Museum Moscow GIM 105009 2575/1) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.310] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B2 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.20; p.269] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.47, p.268]:*Cherson. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B3 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.19; p.269]:*Shestevica. [PAULSEN 1953:no.10; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B4 p.106] [WOV 2003:cat.4333] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.18; p.269]
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.9; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.10,11; p.268]''
:*
:*
<br>
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6; p.268]''
:*Ljárskógum (Reykjavik National Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:pp.49-50, No.4, fig.55] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group 'Others' [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.5.Others2 p.107] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:p.354 no.5072] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.126]
<br>
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.272]''
:*Hald, Ørslevkloster [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18] [PEDERSEN 2014B:cat.200 p.87, pl.28.5a] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.272]
:*Bjergene, Ballerup (National Museum of Denmark NMD C34512) [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.272] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.50, p.268]
:*Hareskovby, Sjaelland. [WOV 2003:cat.1118] ??? Not sure why this is not in Androshchuk? Mislabelled?
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.2,3; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5,6; p.272]''
:*Rörvik. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T1503) [[:File:R516.jpg|R516]]. [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=T1503 www.unimus.no T1503] [RYGH 1885:R516] [GREIG GRIEG 1947:no.5; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.18]:*Kvalnes (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T2094 ) [GREIG GRIEG 1947:no.4; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]
*Iceland
*Germany
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272]''
:*Hedeby. [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272]
*Sweden
:*Peppinge, Valleberga, Skane. Bronze. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.18] [WOV 2003:p.1170]
<br>
'''Paulsen's Type I.1 - Variant'''<br>
;Archaeology
*Poland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.17; p.20]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.275]'':**Wolin Gdynia-Oksywie [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [PAULSEN 1953:no.17; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.275] *Russia:''Paulsen lists 4 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.13-16; p.20]; Androshchuk lists 4 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3-6; p.275]'':*Linkuhnen, Grave 175 [PAULSEN 1953:no.13; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.275]:*Lobertshoff [PAULSEN 1953:no.14; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.275]:*Wiskiauten, Grave 170c [PAULSEN 1953:no.15; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.275]:*Kathiten [PAULSEN 1953:no.16; p.20] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6; p.275]
<br>
A variation on this type only seemingly found in Poland is Janowski's type Ib2. Dated to 900-1025AD. [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [JANOWSKI 2007:p.157-159].<br>
<br>
==Borre Style 3==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Arb.5 8a.jpg|''Sweden, Birka''
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.4'''<br>
''''Chapes with quadruped and Palmette motif''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 7 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953]:pp.54-55<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 4 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>
''''Borre interlaced Beast''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
Androshchuk lists a total of 10 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 5 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>
''''Single intertwined beast in Borre Style ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
NOTE: The example chape for Type 5 on page 117 appears in the appendix list as Type 4. The appendix Type 5 entries appear to be of type Paulsen I.1 - Variant.<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*Belorussia
:*
*Iceland
:*Kirkjubolsdal [PAULSEN 1953:no.1 p.54] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3582 p.167] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.2 p.273]
*Sweden
:*Birka Grave 496 [ARBMAN 1940:pl.5 no.8] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4 p.54, fig.62] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.10 p.273]
:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.8 p.273]
:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.9 p.273]
*Finland
:* Kalmumäki [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.3 p.273]
:* [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.4 p.273]
*Latvia
:*Salaspils, Burg Holm (RDM 2301) [PAULSEN 1953:no.7 p.55] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.14] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5 p.273]
== Jelling Style 1==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
YM Scabbard Chape 1947.551.49 (7462).jpg|England, York
</gallery>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 66a'''<br>''''Single Beast in Jelling style''''<br>Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 and splits it into 3 sub groups [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
*Norway
*Iceland
*Finland
<br>
The similarity of the decoration with that of Oval Brooch type P57 has been noted by Paulsen [PAULSEN 1953], Wilson and Klindt-Jensen [WILSON & KLINDT-JENSEN 1966: 100-1] and Graham-Campbell [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273].<br>
<br>
== Jelling Style 2==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
</gallery>
'''Paulsen's Type II.2 'Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Swedish group of the 10th century''''<br>
Paulsen lists a total of 9 finds of this group. [PAULSEN 1953:pp.3545-4447]<br>
<br>
'''Andrshchuk Type 56b'''<br>''''Beast Two intertwined beasts in Jelling styleStyle ''''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>
<br>
;Archaeology
*England
:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]''
:*Chatburn [EDWARDS 1998:p.28] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1 p.276]
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 1 find of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*Gjermundbu. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo C27317) [GRIEG 1947]:no.2; p.32] Found with a Petersen type S sword [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992] [WOV 2003:cat.3044, 5765] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 5 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Finland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
*Russia
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists ? finds of type 6b [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6b-10; p.275]''
:*
==Bird (Falcon) Style==
;Archaeology
*France
**[[:File:L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|L'Ile de Groix]]. [CHATELLIER & PONTOIS 1908] [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940] [GREIG GRIEG 1947: pl.XXVI.10] [WOV 2003:cat.5894] *Norway:*Maele, Gjerstad [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=B6983 B6983] [GRIEG 1947;no.3 p.32]:*Hedmark [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=C31395b C31395b]
*Sweden
**Birka.
<br>
== Eastern Style? ==
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Hedeby Sword Chape Eastern.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''
</gallery>
;Archaeology
*Germany
:*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum). Considered to be Eastern and was found in the harbour.[SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]
<!-- ==Eastern Styles==
== References ==
{{Ref|Book=Androshchuk 2014}}
{{Ref|Book=Arbman 1940}}
{{Ref|Bjorn & Shetelig 1940}}
{{Ref|Book=Cameron 2000}}
{{Ref|Book=Edwards 1998}}
{{Ref|Book=Graham-Campbell 1980}}
{{Ref|Book=Greig Grieg 1947}}
{{Ref|Book=Hammond 2010}}
{{Ref|Book=Hayeur Smith 2003}}
{{Ref|Book=Hedenstierna-Jonson 2002}}
{{Ref|Book=Hedenstierna-Jonson 2006B}}
{{Ref|Book=Janowski 2006}}
{{Ref|Book=Paulsen 1953}}
{{Ref|Book=Pedersen 2014b}}
{{Ref|Book=Roesdahl 1981}}
{{Ref|Book=Roesdahl & Wilson 1992}}
{{Ref|Book=Rygh 1885}}
{{Ref|Book=Schietzel 2014}}{{Ref|Book=Williams 2014}}{{Ref|Book=Wilson 1965& Klindt-Jensen 1966}}
{{Ref|Book=WOV 2003}}
{{Ref|Book=Von Carnap-Bornheim 2008}}
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:Weapons]]