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{{stars1|Category = Weapons}}
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{{Swords}}
<br>
== Introduction ==
This article is about metal fittings that were probably attached to [[Sword Scabbards]]. I understand that Peter Paulsen comprehensibly covered the subject of Viking sword scabbard chapes in 1953 in his book Schwertortbänder der Wikingerzeit[PAULSEN 1953]. Unfortunately More recently Androshchuk has published an updated typology and catalogue of 174 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]<br>This article is primarily concerned with Scandinavian and Western European Chape styles. Paulsen discuss a number of Eastern European styles that we do not have access to this volume and so have created our own typology as detailed belownot included here.<br>
<br>
== English Styles ==
*England
**Ashwell, Hertfordshire C9th. Tree of life design. (Letchworth Museum 1978.77) [https://northhertsmuseum.org/north-hertfordshire-museum/collections/object-details/547918/ North Hertfordshire Museum][http://www.dayofarchaeology.com/letchworth-museum-stories/ dayofarchaeology.com]]
**Castor, Peterborough [CAMERON 2000:p.194 fig.258]
**Lincolnshire. Anglo-Scandinavian [HAMMOND 2010:p.80 fig.1.8.4-d]
<br>
== Borre Style 1 ==
<br>
<br>
=== Borre Style 1a ===<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">BM-Web Chape 1997,0102.1.jpg|''England, Suffolk''Bautzen chape.jpg|''Germany, Bautzen''Hedeby Sword Chape Borre.JPG|''Germany, Hedeby''BM Gotland Chape.JPG|''Sweden, Änga''</gallery> ;Archaeology*England:''Paulsenlists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953]; Androshchuk lists 0 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014]'s 'Valleberga:*Suffolk, England (British Museum BM 1997,0102.1) Their are doubts over the origin of this chape. Similar to chape from Nimschuetz in northern Germany [[https://britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=63621&partId=1 British Museum Website]] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.46, p.268] *Denmark:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.268]'':*Roskilde. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A1 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.268] *Norway:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953:p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.9; p.268]'':*Steigen. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A5 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.9; p.268] *Iceland:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.268]'':*Lundur (Reykjavik National Museum 5251) [PAULSEN 1953:no.3, p.49] [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.330] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A3 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5; p.268] *Germany:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2,3; p.268]'':*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum) [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A2 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.268] [SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]:*Nimschuetz, Bautzen (Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Dresden D252/83) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.263] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B1 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.268] *Sweden:''Paulsen lists 3 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.5,6,7; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 6 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.12,13,14,15,16,17; pp.268-269]'':*Skane. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A7 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.15; p.268]:*Gäfle, Gästrikland (National Museum of Denmark NMD 1.9418) [PAULSEN 1953:no.6; p.49] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.14; p.268]:*Änga, Gotland (British Museum 1921,1101.318) [https://britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=64797&partId=1 British Museum Website] [PAULSEN 1953:no.7; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group C [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.5.C1 p.107] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.13; p.268]:*Amsberg-Sör. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A6 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.17; p.268]:*:* *Finland:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.8; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.268]'':*Huittinen [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.268] *Latvia:''Paulsen lists 0 finds [PAULSEN 1953:p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7,8; p.268]'':* Āraiši. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A4 p.106] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.13] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7; p.268]:* Kristapinu. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group A [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.A8 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.8; p.268] *Ukraine:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.10; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 3 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.18,19,20; p.269]'':*Korosten. (Historical Museum Moscow GIM 105009 2575/1) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992:cat.310] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B2 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.20; p.269] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.47, p.268]:*Cherson. Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B3 p.106] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.19; p.269]:*Shestevica. [PAULSEN 1953:no.10; p.49] Hedenstierna-Jonson Sub-group B [HEDENSTIERNA-JONSON 2002:fig.4.B4 p.106] [WOV 2003:cat.4333] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.18; p.269] *Russia:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.9; p.49]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.10,11; p.268]'' type:*:*
<br>
*Denmark
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1,2; p.272]'':*Hald, Ørslevkloster [PAULSEN 1953:no.1; p.18] [PEDERSEN 2014B:cat.200 p.87, pl.28.5a] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.1; p.272]:*Bjergene, Ballerup (National Museum of Denmark NMD C34512) [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2; p.272] [WILLIAMS 2014:p.107 fig.50, p.268]:*Hareskovby, Sjaelland. Bronze. [WOV 2003:pcat.1118]??? Not sure why this is not in Androshchuk? Mislabelled?
*Norway
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.2,3; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5,6; p.272]'':**NorwayRörvik. (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T1503) [[:File:R516.jpg|R516]]. [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=T1503 www.unimus.no T1503] [RYGH 1885:R516][GRIEG 1947:no.5; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.3; p.18]:*Kvalnes (Nationalmuseet, Oslo T2094) [GRIEG 1947:no.4; p.32] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 1 find [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4; p.272]'':**Hafurbjarnarstodum, IcelandTannstadabakka. [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [WOV 2003:cat.7097] *Germany:''Paulsen lists 1 find [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.709118] ; Androshchuk lists 1 find [HAYEUR SMITH 2003ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.272]'':*Hedeby. [PAULSEN 1953:no.12; p.18] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.3; p.168272]
*Sweden
:''Paulsen lists 7 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.5-11; p.18]; Androshchuk lists 8 finds [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.7-14; p.272]'':**Peppinge, Valleberga, Skane. Bronze. [PAULSEN 1953:no.5; p.18] [WOV 2003:p.1170]|Discusssion}}
=== Borre Style 2b ===
<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">
Gdynia-Oksywie Chape.jpg|''Poland, Gdynia-Oksywie''
</gallery>
'''Andrshchuk Type ? (Appendix Type 7)'''<br>
Androshchuk dates this type to the c.1050-early 12th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-118]<br>
Androshchuk lists a total of 6 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br>
''NOTE: The chapes listed under Type 7 on page 275 bears no resemblance to the description of Type 7 as being "Urnes" on page 118.
Androshchuk Type 7 description uses Paulsen's fig.184 [PAULSEN 1953:p.126] which Paulsen describes as "Gotland Runestone Animal Style." which contains 12 finds. It appears that there may be an error in Androshchuk regarding this type. For our purposes we're defining Andrshchuk Type 7 as listed on page 275.''<br>
<br>
<br>
A variation on this type only seemingly found in Poland is Janowski's type Ib2. Dated to 900-1025AD. [JANOWSKI 2006:p.181] [JANOWSKI 2007:p.157-159].<br><br> ==Borre Style 3==<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">Arb.5 8a.jpg|''Sweden, Birka''</gallery> '''Paulsen's Type II.4'''<br>''''Chapes with quadruped and Palmette motif''''<br>Paulsen lists a total of 7 finds of this group [PAULSEN 1953]:pp.54-55<br><br> '''Andrshchuk Type 4 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>''''Borre interlaced Beast''''<br>Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>Androshchuk lists a total of 10 finds of this group [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:p.275]<br><br>'''Andrshchuk Type 5 (Appendix Type 4)'''<br>''''Single intertwined beast in Borre Style ''''<br>Androshchuk dates this type c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br>NOTE: The example chape for Type 5 on page 117 appears in the appendix list as Type 4. The appendix Type 5 entries appear to be of type Paulsen I.1 - Variant.<br><br> ;Archaeology *Belorussia:* *Iceland:*Kirkjubolsdal [PAULSEN 1953:no.1 p.54] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3582 p.167] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.2 p.273] *Sweden:*Birka Grave 496 [ARBMAN 1940:pl.5 no.8] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4 p.54, fig.62] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.10 p.273]:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.8 p.273]:*[ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.9 p.273] *Finland:* Kalmumäki [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.3 p.273]:* [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:Type 4 no.4 p.273] *Latvia:*Salaspils, Burg Holm (RDM 2301) [PAULSEN 1953:no.7 p.55] [VON CARNAP-BORNHEIM 2008:p.174-175 no.53.14] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.5 p.273] == Jelling Style 1==<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">YM Scabbard Chape 1947.551.49 (7462).jpg|England, York </gallery> '''Paulsen's Type II.1'''<br>''''Chapes with Germanic quadruped motif - Scandinavian group of the 10th century''''<br>Paulsen breaks the total of 19 finds of this group into 2 sub groups: [PAULSEN 1953:pp.35-44]<br><br> '''Andrshchuk Type 6a'''<br>''''Single Beast in Jelling style''''<br>Androshchuk dates this type to c.950-1000 [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br><br> More usually found around the Baltic area. [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980: cat.273.]. 19 examples found in 6 different countries (Denmark, Germany, Iceland, England, Sweden & Russia) [ROESDAHL & WILSON 1992].<br><br> ;Archaeology
*England
*Norway
*Iceland
:''Paulsen lists 2 finds [PAULSEN 1953:no.4,5; p.38]; Androshchuk lists 2 finds of type 6a [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8,6a-9; p.273-274]'':**HafurbjarnastadirHafurbjarnarstodum. Gilded copper-alloy found with Petersen type S sword. 900AD – 975AD AD 900–975 [GRIEG 1947:pl.XXVI.1] [PAULSEN 1953:no.4; p.18] [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.559 p.168] [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.273]**Kirkjubolsdal [HAYEUR SMITH WOV 2003:cat.7091] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-8; p.167273]*:*Vestfirdir [HAYEUR SMITH 2003:no.3048 p.146][ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.6a-9; p.274]
*Finland
:**Mäntsälä, Saari. Copper-alloy [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.275] [WOV 2003:cat.2808] [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.4 p.275]*:*Satakunta. [ROESDAHL and & WILSON 1992:217][ANDROSHCHUK 2014:no.2 p.276]<br>
<br>
*France
**[[:File:L'lle de Groix Sword Scabbard Chape.jpg|L'Ile de Groix]]. [CHATELLIER & PONTOIS 1908] [BJORN & SHETELIG 1940] [GRIEG 1947: pl.XXVI.10] [WOV 2003:cat.5894] *Norway:*Maele, Gjerstad [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=B6983 B6983] [GRIEG 1947;no.3 p.32]:*Hedmark [http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/search?q=C31395b C31395b]
*Sweden
**Birka. <br> === Bird (Falcon) Style 2===<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;"> </gallery> '''Paulsen's Type I.2c & I.2d'''<br>''''Chapes with Germanic Bird Motif - Swedish-Varangian Group''''<br>Paulsen breaks this group into 2 sub groups with a total of 23 finds [PAULSEN 1953:pp.22-34]<br><br> '''Andrshchuk Type 3b'''<br>''''bird''''<br>Androshchuk dates this type to the 10th century. [ANDROSHCHUK 2014:pp.15-121]<br><br> ;Archaeology*Sweden**Astad, Öland. Eastern Influence 850AD – 950AD [GRAHAM-CAMPBELL 1980:cat.442] [WOV 2003:cat.1909]
**Birka.
*Poland
**Wolin [WOV2003:cat.986, 4555]
*Ukraine
**Kiev [WOV2003:cat.4269]<br> The [http://travellingnorth.nl/home/blog/index.html travellingnorth.nl] blog has a good article about this kind of chape.<br><br> == Eastern Style ==<gallery heights=170px mode="Packed" style="text-align: left;">Hedeby Sword Chape Eastern.JPG|Discusssion''Germany, Hedeby'' </gallery> ;Archaeology*Germany:*Hedeby (Hedeby Viking Museum). Considered to be Eastern and was found in the harbour.[SCHIETZEL 2014:p.578]
<!-- ==Eastern Styles==
<gallery>
File:Rucavas Lejas Chape.jpg|Janowski type V (Birds)
File:Gotland Chape.jpg|Janowski type VI (Gotland - Tree of Life)
</gallery>
<br> -->
== See Also ==
[[Sword Scabbards]]
== References ==
<HarvardReferences />
[[Category:Weapons]]